Describe Plato's philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge, Essay

Describe Plato's philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge, and explain what conclusions Plato drew for the methodolog - Essay Example Of importance to note is that, universals are made up of a system where particular laws are made under an ultimate law. Moreover, the virtues involved emanate from a general principle, over and above, the mathematical theorems of one fundamental truth. It is worth noting that the basic categories in, which universal are brought together revolves around beauty, truth, goodness (Cooper 2). Apparently, goodness is the greatness of the three. Understanding the nature of knowledge must entails the idea types which it belongs to, the eternal laws where it could be said to be a passing instance, as well as, the context in which it possibly fits in. For instance, the study of the earth entails perceiving its place with regards to the solar system, with the inclusion of it being a stage in the heavenly bodies, over and above, clarifying that its motion takes place in accordance to the gravity law (Cooper 3). Plato has his argument placed in the fact that knowledge cannot be achieved by use of experience but by reasoning, use of sense where they are meant to push the reasoning towards the consciousness of what it already has although at the extreme opposite, it could mislead the conscious. Apparently, experience has never been used to produce knowledge because the principles used in knowledge are universal and are very crucial in this doctrine as compared to experience that displays specific and casual ideas. In essence, experience must be preceded by something already in mind that could be used to interpret the necessary impressions of concerned human beings. Theory of Knowledge through Astronomy Consequently, Plato emphasis that human knowledge is inborn especially when he depicts an instance of a slave boy who was not educated and upon being asked question by some philosophers, he was able to think critically and hence attempted and displayed arithmetic and geometry knowledge. Through this instance, Plato argues that teaching only evokes what is already underlying. Si mply, a theory of knowledge is used to provide a clear conception of education (Meynell 13). In light of this, Plato uses dialectical reasoning particularly in astronomy where he is said to have attempted to use the elimination method giving the general analysis of astronomy. In fact, he emphasis on studying astronomy through mean of problems, over and above, eliminating the motion that is related to the stars in the sky. In the early days, Plato demonstrated a persuasive mode when he argues through writing on the use of embroidery in the sky as a model in studying other things that are associated to the nature of knowledge (Meynell 16). In reference to Timaeus, Plato is demonstrated in the modern world as a philosopher who expounded critically on the nature of knowledge. Apparently, he is quite impressed by the universal’s order and beauty especially through his mandate of explaining the universe in terms of purpose, and benefits (Meynell 19). Views of Aristotle about the na ture of change represent a departure from Plato It is apparent that there are distinct concepts of change evidenced by the transition of Plato philosophical concepts to Aristotle concepts. Nevertheless, this is arguably as a result of the ignorance of Aristotle complete system. Basically, Aristotle’

Women and Stress at the Workplace. Why Do Women Face More Workplace Research Paper

Women and Stress at the Workplace. Why Do Women Face More Workplace Stress Than Men - Research Paper Example Therefore, work-related stress takes place when there is a disparity between the demands of the job and the potentials of an individual to meet those demands (Blaug, Kenyon and Lekhi, 2007). This paper seeks to illustrate the difference between stress faced by female and male managers as well as address the consequences of stress. The paper will also examine the role played by gender in stress at the workplace. The effects of work-related stress on healthy individuals are felt at most levels of a being such as physiological, cognitive, emotional and behavioural. There exist clear links between work-related stress and a variety of physical and mental disorders, which illustrate how one’s health can deteriorate in the presence of strain. In 2010, women in corporate boards of 100 companies constituted 12.5%, which was a 9.4% increase, and per the American Psychological Association, 69% of employees reported work as a significant source of stress, with some indicating being less p roductive at work because of stress (American Psychological Association, 2010). ... Married women are more likely to report higher levels of stress compared to single women; with 56% of them indicating an increase in stress levels over the past 5 years compared to 41% of single women. Research indicates suggest that both genders, women and men, handle stress in a different manner all together. Response to stress by men is characterized by the fight -flight notion while in women; response leans towards tend-and-befriend. It is for this difference that creates different professional interactions, which defines how they function both at home and in the workplace. Consequently, gender makes a great deal of difference in life and business. Unfortunately, men seem not to be persuaded by the tend-and-befriend approach, thus arises a conflict that exerts pressure on women, which contributes to work-related stress. When faced with a stressing situation, a man’s response is strategic and will assess how best the situation can be salvaged while doubts crop up to questio n his capacity to handle the situation. The response to his doubts is normally influenced by personal confidence and knowledge. On the hand, women are naturally more communal in their thinking and often involve others to assist in solving a stressing situation. Women tend to build a community around them from which they seek advice, social support, and alliances that their safety is dependent on. The cause of stress at workplaces may be attributed to the workload present. The workload in the public sector is considered greater than that in the private sector, and all is dependent on the work being done. Some stressors are based on the work itself, with those that pose a significant risk being achievement, overload, and downsizing. Other sources of stress can be categorized as the role and

Malayan union to establish system

Malayan union to establish system In the year of 1945, after the Japanese surrendered and ended the Second World War. Although the Japanese taken Malaya for only three and half years (from 15th February 1942 till 15th August 1945), they had left a great impact on the country. Later, the British returned to Malaya and gave the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) the opportunity to rule the government. According to the history, the MCP only controls Malaya for 14 days because during their supervision, MCP members created trouble and chaos. The British returned to Malaya in September 1945 and set up the British Military Administration (BMA) to bring back peace to Malaya. The BMA system did not last long and British come up with another new system of administration known as the Malayan Union. On April 1, 1946 the Malayan Union officially came into existence with Sir Edward Gent as its governor. The capital of the Union was Kuala Lumpur. The idea of the Union was first expressed by the British on October 1945 (plans had been presented to the War Cabinet as early as May 1944) in the aftermath of the Second World War by the British Military Administration. Sir Harold MacMichael was assigned the task of gathering the Malay state rulers approval for the Malayan Union in the same month. In a short period of time, he managed to obtain all the Malay rulers approval. The reasons for their agreement, despite the loss of political power that it entailed for the Malay rulers, has been much debated; the consensus appears to be that the main reasons were that as the Malay rulers were of course resident during the Japanese occupation, they were open to the accusation of collaboration, and that they were threatened with dethronement. Hence the approval was given, though it was with utmost reluctance. The Key Features of the Malayan Union :- 1)The Malayan Union gave equal rights to people who wished to apply for citizenship. It was automatically granted to people who were born in any state in British Malaya or Singapore and were living there before 15 February 1942, born outside British Malaya or the Straits Settlements only if their fathers were citizens of the Malayan Union and those who reached 18 years old and who had lived in British Malaya or Singapore 10 out of 15 years before 15 February 1942. The group of people eligible for application of citizenship had to live in Singapore or British Malaya for 5 out of 8 years preceding the application, had to be of good character, understand and speak the English or Malay language and had to take an oath of allegiance to the Malayan Union. 2)The Sultans, the traditional rulers of the Malay states, conceded all their powers to the British Crown except in religious matters. 3)The Malayan Union was placed under the jurisdiction of a British Governor, signalling the formal inauguration of British colonial rule in the Malay peninsula. 4)Moreover, even though State Councils were still kept functioning in the former Federated Malay States, it lost the limited autonomy that they enjoyed as they administered some local and less important aspects of government and the Federal government in Kuala Lumpur controlling vital aspects. State Councils became an extended hand of the Federal government that had to do its bidding. 5)Also, British Residents replacing the Sultans as the head of the State Councils meant that the political status of the Sultans were greatly reduced. 6)Equal rights for all citizens regardless of race origin.This includes the entry into government service and the right to vote in the general elections. 7)Made up of the nine Malay states,Penang Island and Malacca. The Failure of Malayan Union plan is due to :- The Malays generally opposed the creation of the Union. The opposition was due to the methods Sir Harold MacMichael used to acquire the Sultans approval, the reduction of the Sultans powers, and the granting of citizenship to non-Malay immigrants and their descendants-especially the ethnic Chinese, not only because of their racial and religious difference but also because their economic dominance was seen as a threat to the Malays. The United Malays National Organization or UMNO, a Malay political association formed by Dato Onn bin JaHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_JaafarHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafarafar on March 1, 1946, led the opposition against the Malayan Union. Malays also wore white bands around their heads, signifying their mourning for the loss of the Sultans political rights. However, ex-Malayan government officials criticised the way these constitutional reforms were brought about in Malaya, even saying that it went against the principles of the Atlantic Charter. They also encouraged Malay opposition to the Malayan Union. The fact that people were allowed to hold dual nationalities meant there was a possibility that the Chinese and Indians would be loyal to their home country, rather than Malaya. After the inauguration of the Malayan Union, the Malays, under UMNO, continued opposing the Malayan Union. They utilised civil disobedience as a means of protest by refusing to attend the installation ceremonies of the British governors. They had also refused to participate in the meetings of the Advisory Councils, hence Malay participation in the government bureaucracy and the political process had totally stopped. As a result of the opposition from the local people the Malayan Union was not implemented .Summarized below are the factors which lead to the failure of the Union. 1)Strong opposition from the Local Malays. The suggestion to set up the Malayan Union stirred up a strong sense of nationalism among the Malays. 2)No strong support from the non-Malays. The non-Malays were not interested in the Malayan Union because it excluded Singapore. 3)Wrong timing. Communal feelings and hostility still existed between the Malays and the Chinese as result of the Japanese Occupation. The conditions in Malaya then were still not really peaceful. Social and economic problems were obvious. The Malayan Union was accused of putting the Malays at a disadvantage and favouring the non-Malays. Malay loyalty to their ruler and state was still strong. 4)Wrong introduction. The Union was drawn up in London without taking into account the situation and wishes of the people in Malaya. There was also strong objection to the use of political blackmail to get the agreement signed. 5)Opposition from former British administrators in Malaya. They urged the British to protect the interests and special rights of the Malays. The British had recognised this problem and took measures to consider the opinions of the major races in Malaya before making amendments to the constitution. The Malayan Union ceased to exist in January, 1948. It was replaced by the Federation of Malaya. References Zakaria Haji Ahmad. Government and Politics (1940-2006). p.p 30-21 Marissa Champion. Odyssey: Perspectives on Southeast Asia Malaysia and Singapore 1870-1971. Sejarah Malaysia. Malaysian Studies-Nationhood and Citizenship. Question 2 Discuss the factors that led to the formation of Malaysia and elaborate on the strong opposition to the merger from Indonesia and the Philippines. (50 marks) Sometime in 1955, and later in 1959, Singapore had suggested that it be merged with Malaya. This proposal, however, was rejected by Malaya. At the time, Singapores population comprised mainly Chinese and Malaya feared that this would affect its racial composition, which was predominantly Malay. There was also the fear that the Communists, whose activities were still rampant in Singapore, might influence Malaya and impede its struggle to be rid of the threat of Communism. Four years after Malayas independence, however, Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman took the region by surprise on 27th May 1961, when he made a speech stating his proposal to merge Malaya, Singapore and the Borneo territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. His sudden change of mind was influenced by the state of politics and economy in Singapore and the other territories. The Factors Leading to the Proposal of a Merger One of the reasons Tunku Abdul Rahman was keen on a merger with Singapore was for economic purposes. Singapore had a large number of industrial firms and a large population, which complemented its position as one of the more important trading ports in this region. The Borneo territories, on the other hand, boasted of richness in natural resources such as oil, natural gas and timber, and fertile agricultural grounds that produced pepper, rubber and much more. Tunku Abdul Rahman believed that a merger with these colonies would be of much value to Malaya. Tunku Abdul Rahman was also seeking to liberate these colonies from colonization. Malaya had already achieved its independence four years earlier. While Singapore practiced to a large extent, a self-governing policy, Sabah and Sarawak were still very much under British control. In Brunei, the Sultan maintained his autocratic powers but was compelled to receive advise from a British Resident. Tunku Abdul Rahman felt that a merger of these colonies with Malaya would speed up independence from the British. Another factor was the stronghold of Communism over Singapore. As time passed, their activities did not cease. Singapore was then led by Lee Kuan Yew, who, frustrated with the constant disputes and strikes in the mid-1950s, decided to woo some of the Communists into his government, hoping to find favour with them and eventually soften their blows. However, the Communists were adamant about continuing their activities and eventually formed their own party, known as the Barisan Socialis, after they were forced to resign from the government. Fearing that Malaya would be in grave danger should the Communists decide to support their allies in Malaya from across the straits, Tunku Abdul Rahman felt that a merger with Singapore would make it easier to deal with the Communists. Apart from Singapore, Communism was also thriving in Sarawak, where the communists formed an underground association, which exerted its influence on workers associations, students and farmers. There also existed cultural similarities between these territories. Singapore comprised a large Chinese population, while Malaya had a mixed array of Malays, Chinese and Indians. The initial fears expressed by some UMNO members about the Malays being outnumbered by the Chinese, were dispelled when they were convinced that ethnic balance would be restored once the Borneo Territories, which comprised most Malays and indigenous groups, merged with Malaya. Response from Singapore, the Borneo Territories and Brunei Singapore still retained its initial interest in Malaya and was therefore, eager to merge with Malaya when Tunku Abdul Rahman made the proposal in 1961. The only opposition came from the Communist-dominated party, Barisan Socialis. Despite this, Lee Kuan Yew actively campaigned to support the merger. His efforts paid off and a referendum held on 1 September 1962 indicated that 71.1% of the population of Singapore supported the merger. Singapore was promised autonomy in education, revenue and labour while the central government would be operating in Kuala Lumpur. Its free entreport status would also be maintained. Like Singapore, Brunei was equally keen on the merger, since its ruler, Sultan Ali Saifuddin was hoping to gain protection from a larger country like Malaya. A.M. Azahari, the leader of the opposition party, Parti Rakyat, however, strongly opposed the merger and led a revolt against the government of Brunei, in which he was defeated. Azahari had an ulterior motive to merge all the North Borneo territories and place them under the reins of Brunei. Eventually, Brunei changed its mind after the Sultan realized that he wouldnt be given special rights above the other Sultans in Malaya and would have only limited oil reserves if Brunei merged with Malaya. The response from Sabah and Sarawak was not on par with that from Singapore and the initial response from Brunei, since both territories feared losing authority in the administration of their governments. Apart from this, the non-Malays feared that the Malays in Sabah and Sarawak would be even more dominant should the merger take place. To allay their fears, Tunku Abdul Rahman went to these territories in June 1961 and set up the Malaysia Solidarity Consultative Committee (MSCC) to inform the people of the benefits of the merger. The Cobbold Commission When Tunku Abdul Rahman flew to London to discuss the formation Malaysia with the British government in November 1961, the British were very much in favour of it, but stipulated that the Borneo territories should agree with the merger. Hence, the British formed the Cobbold Commission led by Lord Cobbold, to investigate the reaction of the people in Sabah and Sarawak towards the merger. Two months later, after receiving thousands of letters, conducting thousands of interviews with the people of Sabah and Sarawak and countless public meetings, a conclusion was reached. Only one third of the population rejected the merger, hoping to join Malaya only after they achieved their independence. The other two thirds either supported the merger wholeheartedly or supported it on the grounds that their rights be maintained. Since the merger won the favour of the majority, it was approved by the British. On 16th September 1963, Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak became one nation, known as Malaysia. Once again, an official proclamation was made by Tunku Abdul Rahman at the Merdeka Stadium. Two years later, however, on 9th August 1965, Singapore broke away from Malaysia and formed its own government. Protest from neighbouring countries When Malaysia was formed, Indonesia and the Philippines disapproved of the new establishment due to their own ulterior motives. The Philippines claimed ownership of Sabah, stating that Sabah came under the Sulu Sultanate which belonged to the Philippines. As such, the Philippines did not acknowledge Malaysia as an independent country or the official declaration that took place on16th September 1963. The president of the Philippines, Macapagal had severed diplomatic ties with Malaysia. It was only sometime in June 1966, that the Philippines gave due recognition to Malaysia and acknowledged it as an independent country. Indonesia, on the other hand, was hoping to merge with Malaya to form Indonesia Raya and at the same time, establish an independent North Borneo Federation comprising Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. The Indonesian president at the time, Sukarno, was heavily influenced by the Communist party in Indonesia and subsequently declared a Confrontation policy of on Malaysia from January 1963 to August 1966 to voice his objection of the formations of Malaysia. During this period, Indonesia put a halt to all diplomatic relations with Malaysia and launched an attack. The first stops the Indonesians made were at Pontian, Labis, Muar and Kota Tinggi. Agents were sent to overthrow the Malaysian government and at the same time, create misunderstanding among Malays and Chinese. The confrontation came to an eventual end when Sukarno was replaced by Suharto as the president of Indonesia. Consequently, a peace treaty was signed between both countries in Jun 1966. Singapore decided to withdraw from Malaysia on 9th August 1965 to form her own Republic due to some disagreements, particularly about special rights of the natives. Hence, Malaysia today comprises Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Malaysia has now been enjoying independence for 53 years and is known to the world as a sovereign country. We are able to achieve economic, political and social stability and move rapidly towards a developed country. Although Malaysia is a plural society that consists of various races, they are able to live, co-operate and co-exist in harmony to build a strong and developed country. The understanding among the races, which creates unity in the country, plays a very important role in moulding Malaysia to be a politically stable country.

How Does Emily Bronte Introduce a Character? :: Free Essay Writer

How Does Emily Bronte Introduce a Character? In the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, we are introduced to a number of characters. The first two main characters that are introduced in detail however, are Joseph and Hindley. Joseph is introduced in chapter one. His description is given to us through the words of Lockwood, and we are given the impression that Joseph is an ill-tempered, stubborn, old man: â€Å"Joseph was an elderly, nay, an old man: very old, perhaps, though hale and sinewy.† However, Lockwood, who we already have the impression of a pompous, ignorant young man; is the one who gives this introduction. This therefore leads us to feel that he is unreliable as a narrator, and so we as the reader are given the choice to either believe Lockwood’s interpretation of Joseph, or make our own decisions about him due to his dialogue. Through the way in which Bronte uses Lockwood to introduce Joseph, we see that she does not provide a great deal of physical description. This means that it is up to the reader to imagine the appearance of the characters, and also shows that Bronte does not allow characterisation to interrupt the pace of the novel. The absence of conventional visual description is the central method used by Bronte to describe her characters, and it causes us to think more deeply about the character. Another point to mention is that Bronte uses a powerful emotional force to establish the character. This can be shown through Hindley’s introduction. Hindley is first described to the reader as a â€Å"detestable substitute† and then his bullying behavior towards Heathcliff is described. This automatically makes us feel negatively about Hindley, and sympathise with Heathcliff. Here, we see Hindley through Catherine Linton’s eyes. In contrast to our opinion of Lockwood, we trust Catherine more as a narrator, due to the fact that after being given access to her diary by Lockwood, we see her as a child –innocent and honest. This leads on to the next technique that Bronte uses, which is the way in which she uses convincing characters with a dominant trait to let us see life from their point of view.

Natural Disasters Essay

Rommel’s quote about making a †sound business decision† reveals overconfidence decision-making biases. His decision also discloses an anchoring bias as it looks like that Nationwide did not take into consideration some information that others did. Insurance was not the only affected industry with natural disasters; also Airlines were very affected with this whole hurricane and weather situations. Jet Blue was one of these affected airlines due to the weather. They held the passengers on its planes for about 10 hours with closed bathrooms. They refunded to the passengers their money but in a very rude way. Unfortunately JetBlue’s Founder ;amp; CEO, David Neeleman couldn’t handle the situation, and responded to the media in an improper way. Justification for Problem Definition The most relevant error and bias for companies like Nationwide Insurance, American Airlines, and JetBlue company is the overconfidence bias, they thought they are always making the right decisions and they believed too much in their own ability to make good decisions, just as Rommel’s quote about making a â€Å"Sound business decision. ‘ Alternatives 1. Rommel, Burgin, and Neeleman should have thought of the welfare of policy owners and passengers before taking their decisions. In these situations we have to look for cause and effect relationships. 2. They should have listened to different options instead of taking the first option they had. In the three cases, the managers shaped their own decisions to reflect the orga nization’s performance evaluation and other systems to comply with the organization’s formal regulations and to meet organizationally imposed time constraints. They should have also thought about their clients 3. The improper response to the media had very bad influences and was very unprofessional. They should have treated the situation with more winsomely and more professionally. Evaluate Alternatives All the alternatives said above depend on personalities and their abilities of problem solving and decision-making. These elements are important skills for business, management and leadership. Some people have these skills by nature and others have to go through processes and techniques to improve their level and quality of their decisions. Recommendation Anything can affect the clients’ safety, the decisions and the choices have to be taken very carefully in favor of both clients and companies. Managers have to understand that there are events in life, like natural disasters that are outside human control, and these events require a convenient plan for both owners and clients. Also, sometimes previous organizational decisions act as precedents to constrain current decision so organizations have to try to avoid this to happen.

Dreamliner 787 Case Essay

Tara Lentini Week 3 Case Assignment Boeing: Dreamliner 787 Discuss the nature of the market structure and demand for the Dreamliner. What are the implications for Boeing and its customers? The market structure for the Dreamliner is that of an oligopolistic nature which means there are few aircraft manufactures who sell large quantities to its buyers. With Boeings biggest competitor Airbus unable to compete with the Dreamliner product, Boeing has the chance to take over the market for commercial aircraft. The demand for the Dreamliner is derived demand. Due to customer demand for comfortable fair priced airline travel, the demand for the Dreamliner will increase. Customers demand comfort during air travel and the Boeing Airliner promises added luxuries that will increase customer purchases to those airlines with a Dreamliner aircraft. The chief project manager for the Boeing, Tim Cogan stated, â€Å"It’s not Just an evolutionary step†¦ it borders on revolutionary. † This statement is supported by many industry insiders. Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p188) With such support, the emotions of the airline companies umped at the chance to place an order even with the understanding that the estimated time for delivery was at least 4 years and there was little research to support some of the added luxury amenities. What examples of the major types of buying situations do you see in the case? Discuss the implications of each in terms of marketing strategy? A new-task purchase i s seen with the Dreamliner due to the fact that it is a new product being sold by Boeing. The buying team is comprised of numerous members and the team must decide on specifications regarding the product. The marketer (Boeing) â€Å"tries to reach as many key buying influences as possible but also provides help and information. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, pl 73) The amenities of the Dreamliner will assist the buying team in making a decision whether or not the Dreamliner would be a good investment for the company and if so, how many to order. A straight rebuy is also seen in this case. Boeing listed the airliner at a price of $162 million with few customizable options for its buyers. (i. e. seating arrangements). Many aircraft buyers may have already been customers f Boeing and are familiar with their business. A straight rebuy is defined by Kotler and Armstrong as the buyer reorders something without any modifications. Once the buyer purchases the aircraft the straight rebuy buying situation will result in a quicker sale with fewer individuals making a decision on options and product specifications. List the specific features of the Dreamliner. What customer benefits result from each? PASSENGER BENEFITS: 60% quieter than other planes in its class – It is always nice to sleep on a plane however, when seated near the engine it is difficult to rest due to the noise. Many corporate travelers will enjoy this benefit with the late and early morning travel legs. With the added legroom there will no longer be a need to specifically sit in the isle and more options that will equal the comfort of isle seats will come available. Lighting that automatically adjusts to time zone shifts – Changing time zones can be difficult for anyone Circadian rhythms, which are the internal clock we all have which tells us when we it is time for bed and when it is time to rise. These â€Å"clocks† are not easily adjusted when changing time zones. The Dreamliner will posse lighting that imulates â€Å"sunrise and twilight which will assist its passengers adjust to the change in time zones. † (Micke, 2010) Higher cabin pressure and humidity – reducing common flying symptoms such as headaches, dry mouth, and fatigue. All of these symptoms are not what most passengers look forward to; knowing the Dreamliner decreases these symptoms will make it a preferred aircraft for many passengers. Large overhead storage bins – It is always daunting not knowing if your carry on will fit into the overhead storage bins. We have all witnessed a passenger beating their luggage esperately hoping it will pop in before the flight attendant comes by to take it to be stored in the cargo area. 19 inch self-dimming windows – This is a wonderful feature for those who prefer a window seat but have to fght the sunlight to enjoy their flight. Wireless internet and entertainment system – many travelers use the internet to stay connected while away. This option will give business travelers the ability to complete business while on the road. Time sensitive information can be conducted in-flight and travel will no longer be a burden for business travelers. The non-business travel can stay connected with family and friends to inform of flight status and arrival time. Also, wireless access will assist the passenger with passing the time during air travel. AIRCRAFT BUYER BENEFITS: For the buyer of a Dreamliner Aircraft, the marketing aspect will be a breeze. Passengers are always looking for comfort when flying and this aircraft offers many luxury amenities. Airlines with a Dreamliner in their roster will have the ability to sell luxury air travel to its passengers without the luxury cost. The Dreamliner will offer a ighter aircraft resulting in less fuel needed for flights. This aircraft could replace outdated aircrafts that are no longer economically fit. The 787 will expand non-stop markets for its customers with a â€Å"fuel range of 8,500 nautical miles and a maximum speed of Mach . 5. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p187) Also, the Dreamliner offers passenger capacity of 210 to 330 depending on seating arrangement ordered by the customer. With multiple configurations, the buyer of the aircraft has the option to decide what seating confguration would best meet their airline needs. For example, Southwest Airline only offers economy class, so they would order a Jetliner with one type of seating confguration. There is no need for S outhwest to order a Jetliner with first or business class on a Dreamliner. Other airlines may find it necessary to order multiple aircrafts with different seating arrangement to best meet its marketing and customer needs. Discuss the customer buying process for a Boeing airplane. In what major ways does this process differ from the buying process a passenger might go through in choosing an airline? The buying process for an airline placing an order or a Dreamliner would first have to recognize a need for a new aircraft offering the retire due to age may look at the Dreamliner as good solution to add new innovative products to their fleet. Next the buyer would have to recognize the general specifications and quantity needed of an item. Here a buyer of the aircraft would consult engineers and technical personnel to discuss the options available on the Dreamliner Aircraft. For example, the technical staff should be consulted regarding the wireless entertainment system on a Dreamliner. The control tower may need odifications to ensure interference will not be an issue with this type of system. Product specifications needed to meet the airlines customer and marketing needs would have to be listed. In this process, â€Å"the team decides on the best product characteristics and specifies them accordingly. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p177) As for the Dreamliner, the airline would specify the seat options available. For example, Southwest Airlines only offers economy seating for their passengers. If Southwest chooses to purchase a Dreamliner, they would specify one seating option or their aircraft. Once the order is placed for a Dreamliner, the buyer should conduct a performance review to ensure the product will be delivered on time and to ensure they are aware of any problems that may arise. At this â€Å"stage of the buying process the buyer assesses the performance of the supplier and decides to continue, modify, or drop the arrangement. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p179) Most passengers choosing an airline are looking for the least expensive direct flight to their destination. The buying process for an airline ticket for a few hundred dollars is ess complex than that of purchasing an aircraft for over one hundred million dollars. Many travelers have a preferred airline and do not shop around for deals. They use the preferred airline and earn air miles towards free flights. As for me, I do not have a preferred airline, however I do enjoy Southwest because of first come first serve seating. Yet, most travelers will look at price first, direct flight possibilities, and airport location before booking a flight. There is little thought that goes into aircraft options when a ticket is purchased. What marketing recommendations would you make to McNerney as he continues to try to resolve the problems with the 787 Dreamliner program? McNerney needs to stay fully involved in the operations of the Dreamliner to ensure all suppliers and manufactures are completing production on time. Performance reviews of the suppliers must be taken seriously and the decision to drop or modify the arrangement must be made in a timely fashion. With 70 percent of the work being outsourced to dozens of partnering firms, he cannot be blinded by incomplete or inaccurate production. The longer it takes to assess the supplier performance the longer the delay in production and delivery will be for the Dreamliner.

Health Essays

Medicare And Its Financial State/Health Essays Medicare And Its Financial State/Health Paper Medicare And Its Financial State/Health Paper Medicare is planned health insurance generally for older persons over 65 year old, younger persons with special medical conditions or persons with permanent Kidney failure. Medicare was formally signed into law on July 30, 1965 and has served the American people ever since. It is important to note that it took another year for beneficiaries to sign up for coverage on July 1, 1966. Medicare was operated primarily by the federal government and subsequently other Medicare plans such as Health Maintenance Organization plans (HMOs) and Preferred Provider Organization plans (PPOs) are offered through private organizations. In recent times there has been active debate on the future, finances and scope of this health insurance. Medicare coverage primarily consists of two parts: Part A (the hospital insurance) and Part B (the medical insurance). Part A covers inpatient care at a hospital, hospice, nursing home or home health care. Part B mainly covers health care by doctors, outpatient care or some other medicines to prevent diseases. Medicare coverage offers options in that persons may choose part A, part B or both parts. It is useful to note that other plans: part C and D are now being offered to cover other services such a purchase or prescription drugs. Plans such as HMOs are chiefly for group health insurance plans which are purchased by groups such as companies, while PPOs are plans where health care providers such as clinics and hospitals sign up with the PPO to provide care for persons who are insured with the organization. Persons with Medicare coverage pay less on doctor visits from their pockets albeit, the actual amount paid to the doctor is determined by factors such as whether it is a participating physician, a non-participating physician who accepts assignments on a case-by-case basis or a non-participating doctor who does not accept assignments.. The board of trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance (HI) and Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) trust funds in their report to congress in 2006 state that there was deterioration in Medicare’s financial health since the previous year. This report stated that the Hospital expenditure would exceed non-interest revenue in 2006 and that the trust fund faced serious financial conditions to the extent that there would not be enough resources to provide coverage in future years. In addition the report showed that the federal government would have to proffer addition financial aid which would negatively impact the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It was noted that Hospital Insurance (HI) fund would be depleted in 2019, two years earlier than expected. The projection showed that there would be a need for a serious injection of capital or the future of Medicare would be dire. In its annual report in 2008, the board of trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance (HI) and Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) trust funds, reported that there were still serious problems relating to the financial health of Medicare. The report paints a gloomy picture where the long run costs of running the program would exceed inflows and this process would be unsustainable. A vastly burgeoning number of aging baby boomers would put a serious strain on financial resources of Medicare and fiscal deficits are projected in future years. During the 2008 presidential election, there were debates on what to do with health care for the nation and the new government is actively looking at Medicare with the view to doing a complete overhaul including providing increased funding and coverage. The warnings about the potential demise of Medicare and the deleterious impact on America’s aging population has been sounded again by the trustees of (HI) and the new government seems to be awakening to the exigencies that now face the nation. The Medicare report in 2008 pointed to the need for an increase of over 122% in payroll taxes which would mean a move from 2. 9% to 6. 44% to balance inflows with outflows. It is now time for action on the part of the Government to prevent a dismal future for Medicare. References Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2007). Acute Inpatient Prospective Payment System. Retrieved on November 15, 2007 from cms. hhs. gov/AcuteInpatientPPS/04_outlier. asp#TopOfPage U. S. Department of Health Human Services (2007), What are the Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates for 2008? Retrieved on November 15, 2007 from hhs. gov/faq/medicaremedicaid/650. html Medicare (2004). Questions. Retrieved on May 3, 2004 from medicare. gov/. Medicare (2004). Participating Physician Directory. Retrieved on May 3, 2004 from http://www3. medicare. gov/Physician/Search/PhysicianSearch. asp. Social Security Administration (1935, August 14). History. Retrieved March, 06, 2009 from: ssa. gov/history/hfaq. html American Academy of acturies (2008). Medicare’s Financial Condition: Beyond actuarial balance. Retrieved March 6, 2009 form: actuary. org/pdf/medicare/trustees_08. pdf

romanization of the iberian peninsula essays

romanization of the iberian peninsula essays Los Efectos de la Romanizacin en la Penà ­nsula Ibrica Por el fin del primer siglo, la presencia romana habà ­a cambiado el estilo de vida y la cultura de las provincias peninsulares en algas maneras substanciales; el latà ­n habà ­a reemplazado las lenguas nativas; el sistema patriarcal romano de la organizacin social se habà ­a adoptado; la economà ­a se bas en el trabajo de esclavo; y el uso de dinero en cambios comerciales habà ­a llegado a ser esparcido. Hispana benefici de la importacin de logros romanos en reas educativas, literarias y artà ­sticas. Parte de los escritores, los polà ­ticos y los oradores romanos ms notables nacieron en Hispana. Por ejemplo, el filsofo Senecas, los poetas Lucan y Marcial; el orador Quintilian; y los emperadores Trajan y Hadrian. Muchos trabajo de arte magnà ­ficos de fecha del tiempo de la ocupacin romana se preservan en museos de arte por todas partes de Espa Las prcticas y deidades religiosos de la gente nativa de Espan romanizados. El culto oficial a Roma y el emperador lleg a ser esparcido. A pesar de esto, muchos nativos se adhirieron todavà ­a a sus tradiciones religiosas antiguas a travs del total de la dominacin imperial. Eventualmente, cuando era el caso por todas partes del Imperio, la Cristiandad desbancada todas las otras religiones. Las leyendas que reclaman que el Apstol Santiago habà ­a introducido la Cristiandad en Espas del Imperio, la religin cristiana puede haber sido traà ­da en la penà ­nsula por soldados romanos, posiblemente de esos estacionados en Africa. Por el tercer ...

A T-shirt Epic Essay Example for Free

A T-shirt Epic Essay ? Pietra Rivoli’s delightful narrative, The Travels of A T-Shirt in the Global Economy , goes about a surprising journey around the global village to discover an entangled web of economic and political forces that move this piece of clothing around. The book is split into four parts of a t-shirt’s life.   Part one of the book deals with the cotton industry.   Rivoli’s own surprise at learning that the cotton used for her shirt comes from Texas opens up this chapter on the continuing dominance of the American cotton industry.   The book then continues to explain the reasons for these—aside from government subsidies, the larger part of America’s continuing competitive advantage is its â€Å"virtuous cycle† of governance.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the United States, the farms work, the market works, the government works, the science works, and the universities work.† (Rivoli 7). The second part of the book is about the textile industry’s so called â€Å"race to the bottom†.   Industrialization is ushered in by the textile industry, and Rivoli gives examples from 19th century England to the Asian economic powerhouses Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong in the 20th century.   The third part is about the complexity of getting a textile import into the United States, with all the confusing legislation brought about by decades of political control held by textile manufacturers in America.   In the final part of the book, Rivoli examines the global market for used t-shirts, which she concedes is the final place where markets actually determine its origin and destination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author is not making an argument for either protectionism or free trade.   Obviously, as a trained economist, Rivoli favors free trade, as do all her colleagues in an almost unanimous voice.   However, the book does not argue for either side, and instead illustrates that both sides of this policy divide unwittingly spur economic development. Free trade policies encourage more â€Å"races to the bottom† as production shifts to low cost countries; however protectionist policies also contribute to another type of race.   In the battle for quota imports to the United States, for example, investment has flowed into areas where there is less restriction on trade with the world’s largest consumer of textiles and apparel.   In the modern-day case with China, the relatively low quota limits that China has for its exports to the US before the expiration of the Multifiber Agreement (MFA) (Rivoli 121) has encouraged investments in other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Sub-Saharan Africa.   As the book notes, the exclusion of one creates opportunities for another, and the humble textile industry is the first step towards industrialization for many developing nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Rivoli further notes, when the MFA was scheduled to be taken down, a lot of other developing countries were scared of China eating everyone’s share of the textile pie.   It represents one of the few actually plausible pro-protectionist arguments in the book, which are not really argued for but just explained. The role of politics in international trade It’s a given fact that politicians will listen more often that not to their constituents first instead of to common sense.   Unfortunate as it may be, politics more often than not counter the market forces that power the global race to the bottom.   Rivoli puts it as â€Å"While the market forces powering the race to the bottom are strong, the political forces pushing back against the markets are strong as well, particularly in the United States.† (Rivoli 115) This clash between the two has made importation of textiles a very complicated business in the United States, and changes the face of international trade with it.   If an item cannot be imported from China, it is imported from Mexico instead, giving an artificial advantage to some countries that will not be there if market forces were solely in control.   The decisions that politicians like congressmen and senators in Washington make often influence the very futures of some countries in the world. Rivoli characterizes American industries that are aging as trying to escape market forces by clinging on to their political supports.   Instead of a paradise of no intervention and perfect competition, what happens is that more often politics exert a big unpredictable force that tilts the equation over completely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example was 18th century England, where to no avail Parliament tried to pass acts that would protect their domestic wool producers.   Instead of having the intended consequences (i.e. eliminating imported cotton), it just pushed international trade to adapt to the circumstances. The â€Å"race to the bottom† phrase used so much in the book is one of the most intriguing ideas of Rivoli. Basically it says that the textile industry, like all industries is governed by market forces.   On the supply side, producers seek more and more productivity for lower costs—a reaction that sparked the original Industrial Revolution.   However, as wages go up along with production costs, producers are keen on reducing costs and preserving low prices with huge markets.   These trends doom an industrial country’s textile production after it becomes less competitive than another aspiring country who is not the leader in the â€Å"bottom† of production costs. The fire of the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, and then in the last century to Asia, where during the past twenty or so years China has held the spot as top in this ubiquitous â€Å"race to the bottom†. The other side of the argument—those activists who bring about higher minimum wages and better labor standards, hasten the fall of a country from the â€Å"race to the bottom†, but at the same time also hasten industrialization and the development of other more value-added industries.   It also makes another country leader of the race to the bottom, ready to start the cycle all over again. This â€Å"history repeats itself† phenomenon—from Britain to Taiwan leaves the reader enthusiastic of the future, and of how economics will eventually make all the people of the world feel a little bit better. Rivoli, Pietra. The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy . New Jersey :Wiley, 2005. A T-shirt Epic. (2017, Mar 03).

Book review preliminary sheet(history) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Book review preliminary sheet(history) - Essay Example One of the issues that I may pursue in my discussion is how the media and the popular culture including sport and other stately pleasures have been used to construct the Canadian identity in order to develop a better understanding of the meaning of being a Canadian. In addition, I will also dry to look into what the popular symbols of Canadian identity have in common. In this regard, each of the five chapters will serve as a case study in itself. Finally, another possible area of focus in the book will be to discuss the different ways through which the State mixes into the everyday lives of the citizens. According to Patricia Cormack and Cosgrave, the absence of Tim Horton’s coffee from daily routines might make individuals not only unusual- but a popular brand in the country and also an overwhelmingly susceptible. Don Cherry’s muscular patriotism appears not to abide by CBC’s restlessness attempts to reduce all cultures to a list or a

Children should not be Educated at Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children should not be Educated at Home - Essay Example Additionally, a child misses an opportunity of interacting with others when he or she is educated at home. This has serious effect on a child social development in future because he or she will not be able to learn ways of interacting with others (Amy and Vahid, 22).In addition, some parents explain that a child experiences less pressure as compared to a child educated at school. They argue that a child can achieve educational freedom whereby they learn what need to learn anytime. However, their view is quit refutable. A study by Marcovici (138) shows that home education is stressful because a parent has to research and prepare lesson for a child. Additionally, the parent has to answer any questions posted to them by a child. This can be tasking to a parent who also has to undertake other jobs. It can also result to misunderstanding when a child is struggling to get to know what has been taught. Some parents have argued that sending their kids to school expose them to harsh realities such as smoking, teenage sex and alcohol abuse. However, a study by Amy and Vahid (22) explain that kids need to be in such realities so as to know between right and wrong. Additionally, the authors explain that kids can deal with issues of drug and alcohol abuse when they are mature easily. The fact here is that kids are will be aware of the consequences posed by exposure of teenage sex and drug use.It is important to send children to conventional classes to make them have achievement in their lives.

The Application of the Saul Alinksky Approach Research Paper

The Application of the Saul Alinksky Approach - Research Paper Example There needs to be an evaluation of the principles. The notion that has been followed by Saul Alinsky was greatly dependent upon the fact that end result of any task that one undertakes, be it an activist, needs to have a clear path by knowing the incurred cost. This clearly puts an emphasis on the fact that those who would believe that by the usage of corrupt means, the end of the task will also be corrupt is an actual and fair belief (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2012). In his article, Saul has evidently shown that there needs to be rules exemption in terms of means and ends. However, critics claim that it is not correct to apply a same belief for all sorts of situations. The model approach that has been appointed by Saul includes a number of components giving clear inclination regarding different circumstances. The initial component or the situation of the model approach is the minimalistic view of an individual regarding means and ethics. This relatively shows that the individual is more considerate about his personal goals avoiding the conflict making him distant from the situation (Ledwith, 2011). Another component or the situation can be where the decision makers are in complete hold of their environment. This means that decision-makers can only take decision by sticking to the political grounds. In simpler words, it can be said that decision-making can also be influence depending upon the power or hold of politics. Saul Alinsky further goes into another situation with the roots of the above noted components. He notes, â€Å"Liberals in their meetings utter bold words; they strut, grimace belligerently, and then issue a weasel-worded statement which has tremendous implications, if read between the lines. They sit calmly, dispassionately, studying the issue; judging both sides; they sit and still sit ( (Alinsky, 2010, p. 4)†. The approach tends to apply to a

Analyzing Messages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing Messages - Essay Example With this, she invites Spencer to visit them when he gets the time. The email correspondence reveals two important aspects of written communication. First, the kind of language people use in written business correspondence depends on the relationship between them. Second, factors like gender and technology also come into play. Specifically, the language of the email is formal, similar to other business letters. The relationship between the two as service provider and client effects the formality of the correspondence. If the situation is reversed and Spencer will be the one to email Megan, thinking that Spencer is the service provider, the language could be more esteeming and polite as what can be seen in the second letter. Gender could have also played an important part in Megan’s writing. Being a woman, she did not want to be misinterpreted, thus kept the language formal. Also, her email is brief and no sense of closeness or endearment may be felt. The last line that says, â€Å"Do visit us when you have time† is a cordial invitation normal between a client and service provider. There are no terms used to signify personal closeness. Megan’s position in the company also plays a part in the construction of her email. Being the HR Manager, she is in the position to invite Spencer over to their office. Nevertheless, considering that Spencer is the Operations Manager in Cunninghams, she also included the clause â€Å"when you have time† to acknowledge how busy Spencer could be. As Steinberg (2007) notes, the style of communication is important in interpersonal communication. In this particular example, the use of technology as a communication style is very appropriate. The purpose and formality of the subject matter called for formality and such was achieved through emails. I hope this email finds you well. I am very glad to announce that Cunninghams, Inc. has just established a branch office in San Francisco, California as part of its

Hotel Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Hotel Management - Essay Example Although supporters of virtual meetings and other technological applications contend that the same objective could be attained by eliminating face to face meetings, one argues that virtual meetings and other computer mediated forms of communication are most prone to distractions. Since the users are in different locations, which are most convenient to their respective endeavors, despite indicating presence during the virtual meeting, these participants could in fact continue other forms of activities such as responding to emails, texting, and making side conversations without the obvious knowledge of the other participants. As such, those participating in virtual meetings and other technologically mediated forms of communication, exhibit inability to focus completely and dedicatedly since distractions abound. With large face-to-face meetings which are designed to unite members into collaborating, participating, observing, listening, reacting, responding and interacting with other participants, more enlivened discussion ensues. The element of human interaction is crucial and paramount as it indicates a form of commitment, a social bond that indicates conformity to the same goals, philosophies, values and ideals promoted by the group, of which the members should be active participants. Likewise, through real time reaction and responses relayed by the participants, relevant and crucial issues are immediately resolved. There are apparently many advantages of face-to-face meetings that could not just be totally ignored or dismissed; even with the prolific use and benefits of virtual meetings and computer mediated forms of communication. For one, face-to-face meetings have the ability to generate more positive and vibrant response from participants that motivate the group to be more enthusiastic about the objective being

Roles of Estrogen in Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Roles of Estrogen in Development - Essay Example Most species with two sexes exhibit sexually dimorphic behavior and physical characteristics. New research suggests that the presence of estrogen, specifically estradiol, has an active role in sexual differentiation. Several sexual dimorphic structures in the brain have been observed in laboratory experiments. This study had been performed using male and female rats and had proved the differences in size of corpus callosum between two sexes had existed facilitated by estrogen. Estrogen plays an important role in male reproduction, critical for sustained fertility in some species. Reducing estrogen's interaction with its receptor(s) in monkey and mouse models is associated with reduced sperm motility and, in some cases, documented elimination of sperm fertilizing ability, suggesting that normal epididymal function may be estrogen dependent. The objective of the experiments was to evaluate the effects of reduced endogenous estrogen on development of epididymal function in the pig, a species in which males have very high levels of endogenous estrogen. Furthermore, reducing endogenous estrogen during postnatal development appears to have transient effects on porcine epididymal function. These transient effects suggest that the pig, with its high endogenous estrogen, may respond differently than other species to reduced estrogen synthesis (McCarthy, et al). This particular study provides a viable claim of estrogens importance on development of reproductive sys tem particularly in male specie. The development of the positive feedback of estrogen in normally fed animals and its possible alterations in animals subjected to restricted food intake has been the focus of another study and had indicated that the gonadotropin response to estrogen positive feedback develops gradually and quantitatively as the animal matures and undernutrition-induced delayed puberty is not caused by inability of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit to respond to positive estrogen feedback, but rather to ovarian failure to release estrogen in amounts sufficient to trigger a gonadotropin surge (Ronnekleiv, et al). Another study had determined whether endogenous estrogen, the levels of which increase with advancing pregnancy, regulates growth and development of the baboon fetal adrenal cortex. In the end it propose that estrogen acts directly on the fetal adrenal cortex to selectively repress the morphological and functional development of the fetal zone, potentially as a feedback system to maintain physio logical secretion of estrogen precursors and thus placental estrogen production to promote normal primate fetal and placental development (Albretch, et al). Despite the estrogens' significance on development, some studies apparently speak of its contribution to developmental errors. Evidences have accumulated that exposure to environmental components with estrogenic activity causes reproductive disorders in human populations. Studies conducted over the past 50 years have clearly shown a continual decline in semen quality accompanied by an increase in male reproductive disorders during this period in industrial countries. As healthy gametes are a prerequisite for healthy children, such disorders are a significant problem not only for the current society, but also for future generations. Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies have suggested that excessive exposure to estrogens and xenoestrogens during fetal and neonatal

Hotel Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Hotel Management - Essay Example Although supporters of virtual meetings and other technological applications contend that the same objective could be attained by eliminating face to face meetings, one argues that virtual meetings and other computer mediated forms of communication are most prone to distractions. Since the users are in different locations, which are most convenient to their respective endeavors, despite indicating presence during the virtual meeting, these participants could in fact continue other forms of activities such as responding to emails, texting, and making side conversations without the obvious knowledge of the other participants. As such, those participating in virtual meetings and other technologically mediated forms of communication, exhibit inability to focus completely and dedicatedly since distractions abound. With large face-to-face meetings which are designed to unite members into collaborating, participating, observing, listening, reacting, responding and interacting with other participants, more enlivened discussion ensues. The element of human interaction is crucial and paramount as it indicates a form of commitment, a social bond that indicates conformity to the same goals, philosophies, values and ideals promoted by the group, of which the members should be active participants. Likewise, through real time reaction and responses relayed by the participants, relevant and crucial issues are immediately resolved. There are apparently many advantages of face-to-face meetings that could not just be totally ignored or dismissed; even with the prolific use and benefits of virtual meetings and computer mediated forms of communication. For one, face-to-face meetings have the ability to generate more positive and vibrant response from participants that motivate the group to be more enthusiastic about the objective being

Interactive Simulation Paper Essay Example for Free

Interactive Simulation Paper Essay Workplace discrimination can be reflected in many ways, gender, age group, race, nationality or disability and can have legal and fiscal consequence for a company (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) are some of the laws and regulations that make discrimination unlawful in the conditions and terms of job, for example hiring, evaluation, and promotion. Its important for administrators to identify different types of discrimination and defend against employees in the place of work (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007). The measures a company may have the appropriate adjustments for employees with disabilities, or those with a known drug abuse problem, the employees with a known drug abuse problem, the companies must have an arrangement on announcing a pre-employment in addition to a post-employment alcohol and drug test. An employee with a drug abuse issue may be in the company code of breach. The company can offer technique to re-employ the employee in matters of rehabilitation status is complete. Alternatively if the employee has an alcohol abuse the company should inform the employee of internal or external counseling aid or treatment (UOP, 2014). The alternatives for the employee are termination, counseling or therapy, or warning. These solutions can benefit the employee and employer. As for disable persons applying for a job, there is The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) employment agencies, labor unions, and joint labor-management committees (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007). Executive agencies of the United States government are exempt from the ADA, but these agencies are covered instead by similar nondiscrimination requirements and additional affirmative employment requirements under Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007). The challenges may include inaccessible equipment or amenities or perhaps a procedures or regulations should meet the criteria. Good accommodating dismisses these challenges for a disabled employee. This where the ADA brings in companies to establish accommodations for their disabled employees, . Therefore, they appreciate the privileges and benefits of the  employment. Factors according to perso nality, attitude toward work, and future upward mobility should be considered when hiring. A candidates goal-settings, work attitudes, and, are considered elements that justify the process of employment. These characteristics are essential and effective to the companies modern office environments. In addition, applicants may believe a possible discrimination towards themselves regarding the company but it is not the case in the hiring process. The two applicants selected were a female and Judaic. The female employee made accusations of sexual harassment regarding two co-workers in her work group and had assumptions of her manager behavior was unjust when evaluating her work performance concerning the reported accusations. The issue should examine thoroughly, and companies indeed react with the professional manner in this sort of conduct to remain clear of any sexual harassment. The Judaic employee reported of his religious beliefs on the project given to him by a manager regarding the advertisement of a meat product. This was altered for the employee regarding religious af filiation but costly. This cases that have arisen with the two candidates selected had legal advice from the company Legal Counselor for HHP. Her choices include credentials and abilities for the workplace; not sex, impairment of faith, and not race. The company president concerns with a female employee working in the surroundings of a white male environment and Manager, the Executive Director uncertainty of employees support of African-American rights in addition to feminist status. These characteristics should not be an interest of concern in the hiring process (UOP, 2014). Title VII is a federal government law and a work contract, verbal or written and should comply with the laws and regulations of the job. Title VII may bypass the job atmosphere and conditions specified in a written job agreement between a company and worker. The job contract wont bypass Title VII; but, Title VII will bypass the contract. Before Title VII, the company could employ and terminate an employee for any given reason. Title VII forbids discrimination in employing, firing, coaching, promotion, discipline or any other office decisions. (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) cover all private employers, state and local governments, and education institutions which use fifteen or over persons (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007). A work agreement doesnt permit or  legalize any action of discrimination t hat is covered by Title VII. Title VII overrode the job atmosphere and office conditions (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007). Religious values should be accommodated with a good faith effort by the company (UOP, 2014). Moreover, the Executive Director was worried about the employee having the ability to travel to deal with customers; however he is a protected under the rules of ADA. With the introduction of the latest technology could allow the specific employee to able to teleconferences or net conferences with customers and still meet his job conditions (UOP, 2014). Reference Bennett- Alexander, D. D., Hartman, L. P. (2007). Employment law for business (5th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. UOP. (2014). Simulations: Preventing Workplace Discrimination [Multimedia]. Retrieved from UOP, MGT/434 website.

Use of ICT in Primary School Classrooms

Use of ICT in Primary School Classrooms Introduction: This chapter outlines the foundation for the researchers topic area. This will be a summary of multiple pieces of literature the author has analysed to answer the question set out. The chosen area is the use of ICT-Information Communication Technology in infant classes in primary schools. This section will begin by looking at what is Information Communication Technology (ICT). The author will give a brief explanation into what ICT is. Following defining ICT the author will examine the ICT software used at infant classes in primary level. She will then investigate the benefits of using ICT at infant level in the primary school. From investigating the benefits the author will explore the limitations of using ICT at infant level in the primary school. Finally, she will research how infant childrens learning and development is supported by the use of ICT in the classroom. What is Information Communication Technology (ICT) Information Communication Technology (ICT) is defined by Barnardos (2006, P2) as The term ICT (information and communications technology) is used to describe a range of technological media. It is defined not just as computers but programmable toys, telephones, talking books, cameras, printers, scanners and much more. Information Communication Technology (ICT) has become increasingly used in many lives. Recently the use of ICT has influenced significant changes in our culture, as a result technology has become very much used today. As the world of technology develops, children in our schools today will live in a world where ICT will be encouraged in their daily lives. ICT is described by Crawford (2013, P1) as a powerful tool as it significantly extends peoples abilities, as a learning tool, it is particularly effective. The term ICT covers a range of tools and equipment. Aistear (2009) refers to ICT as equipment that communicates and influence information. This includes mobile phones, computers, scanners and digital cameras. ICT includes hardware and software devices and programmes. ICT in education has the ability to increase the elements of people’s lives by enhancing teaching and learning. (NCCA, 2004) The word Communication was added to Information and Technology (IT) in the late 1990s as we now use various devices such as mobiles to send messages and to gain information it is unfair to limit ICT to computing or technology. ICT covers equipment everywhere at home and in the setting such as remote controls used for the television, game machines, computers, supermarket bar-code readers, washing machines, timers, heating controls, cameras, alarm systems, phones and electric displays. (Cockburn and Handscomb, 2006) Teachers should concur that young children need to be knowledgeable and familiar with basic technology as it is part of living in the 21st century. (French, 2008) ICT Software Used in Infant Classes at Primary Level There is a range of educational ICT software being used in primary schools today. This software is being developed daily, to enhance childrens learning and development. The NCCA (2004) recognises that different software products may be more appropriate for children in different classrooms. The use of ICT software can improve and support the teaching and learning development across curricular areas, whether used in a specific lesson or for a short or long period of time. (NCCA, 2004) A wide variety of software appropriate for different ages and stages, interests and level of ability will be needed in the curriculum. French (2008) talks about how great care must be taken when choosing particular ICT software for children. The software must mirror the childrens interests and should be stage appropriate. The suitability of the software will rely on the learning objectives and the age range and level of ability of the children. The effectiveness of any software program is established by the quality of the software and by how it is used. (NCCA, 2004) Using paint programmes allows children to experiment with colour, animations, experiment with the mouse and it is a way to introduce children to the basic icons and buttons on the computer. Hayes and Whitebread (2006, P25) states Introducing a paint program enables children to understand that the computer is not just a tool for accessing information, but that it is also a tool for creativity. Teachers are familiar with reading stories out loud to children but a lot of stories come in CD or app form now. There are different case studies, motivating activities and games that come in CD or app form. The tasks are well designed in that the children must understand them to complete them, and they do not provide themselves exclusively to trial and error answers. (Hayes and Whitebread, 2006) Interactive whiteboards are a new and common form of ICT software used in primary schools today. Elston (2007, p9) describes interactive whiteboards as an erasable writing surface that interacts with a computer to capture writing electronically and enable interaction with a projected computer image. The interactive whiteboard works wither by touching the board or using a special pen. The interactive whiteboard comes with software that allows it to be used as a copy board. Children and teachers can draw or write on the whiteboard using their fingers or the pen and they can save their drawings to the computer. The interactive whiteboard comes with built in software called OCR which means the computer will identify the childrens handwriting on the whiteboard and turn it into computer text. (Elston, 2007) The OECD (2002) conducted intensive case studies which examined the use of ICT in twenty one different schools. They found the most popular forms of ICT was word processor, but spreadsheets, graphing and drawing programmes, search engines, and presentation programs such as Powerpoint were also high. Many schools used the internet as a source of teaching or research. In these case studies, ICT was often based on a practice system. (OECD, (2002) Morgan and Blatchford (2009) states there is software developed for the use of young children to allow them to make and create images, add sound effects in media products and add sounds and listen to stories. The NCTE (2013) recommends that each classroom should be appointed with a teaching computer, a short throw digital projector, a wireless keyboard, a mouse and five classroom computers or laptops. A visualiser should also be in place in each classroom. Primary schools should be supplied with a multi-media workstation to assist with the integration of audio/visual projects. Primary schools share some equipment such as cameras, wireless tablets, printers and scanners. Using a digital camera can the teacher can take pictures of the childrens learning and create a portfolio of them to show their parents, they can also be transferred to the computer for viewing, for a slide show, for printing or for film making. A wireless tablet can be used for teachers and children to draw, write, colour, listen to stories, do different kinds of subjects such as maths and music. (NCTE, 2013) Teachers should positively model how they use the software. Children should be balanced with lots of other activit ies to assist real life experiences. (Blatchford and Whitebread, 2003) The software used in infant classes must be suitable. Morgan and Blatchford (2009) agrees with French (2008) saying often the software can be unsuitable in terms that young children are especially vulnerable, in terms the content can be violent, frightening or highly emotional.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ (Hayes and Whitebread 2006) talks about for children to benefit from ICT children need to be thought about the differences between the different software programmes. The Benefits of Using ICT at Infant Level in the Primary School ICT has an effect on those who use them and their environment. These technologies can offer new opportunities to strengthen many aspects of childrens development. There is support and interest across the educator sector for the development and integration of ICT. As Epstein (2007) says computers can play an important role if they are used correctly. Children can sometimes work with objects on a screen more easily than with real objects. This however doesnt indicate that computers should replace real objects. A considerable amount of research shows that when ICT is used correctly it can enhance childrens learning and development, it can encourage exploratory play, collaboration, co-operation, discussion, creativity, problem solving, risk taking and thinking. (Barnardos, 2006) The ICT software can be used with different age groups and it can be used with children in a one to one context or it can be used with children in a group. The ICT software can be used to support a child or children in a specific area of learning. NCCA (2004) acknowledges there are potential benefits for using ICT in classrooms also. According to the NCCA (2004) children gain motivation, problem solving skills, higher achievement and improvements in elevated thinking. Childrens imagination and sense of wonder can be supported through the use of context free software. The use of ICT can provide immense opportunities for creative development in children. Children become more independent while developing their creative skills. (Potter 2000 cited in Meadows and Leaks, 2000) The children can enhance their creative skills through ICT in different areas of learning such as; Arts and crafts, music and dance, imaginative play and role play. (Barnardos, 2006) ICT can encourage childrens physical skills. By children using the keyboard, the mouse, the buttons, touching the interactive whiteboard or tablet and knobs on a piece of equipment such as a digital camera is an excellent way of developing finer motor skills. Occasionally children might find it easier to manipulate objects on a screen more easily than real objects. (French, 2008) Children encounter many different achievements and trips throughout the years. Digital cameras are a great way of recording their accomplishments and sharing them with each other and their families. (NCCA, 2004) Computer play can encourage communication, speech and expression. Children are inclined to narrate what they are doing as they draw pictures or move items and characters around the interactive board. Children interacting at computers retain high stages of communication and co-operation skills. Using computers in the primary school can help childrens literacy development. One of the more current research shows that ICT supports children with special educational needs. Research shows that ICT can help children with communication problems and ICT helps children with SEN to access the curriculum more easily by using communication aids, software and appropriate assistive technology. (NCCA, 2004) Software programmes create a virtual environment which encourage children to read the screens and ask their friends questions about the situations. (Barnards, 2006) The Department and Education and Science (2008) agrees with Barnardos stating that ICT improves literacy, reading and writing skills especially for children in junior infant classes. The use of stories and rhymes on CD, on the internet or on an app enriches the childrens experiences of the written word. It allows them to repeat the words over and over again, forming and learning patterns of language and looking at the pictures gives them great enjoyment as the characters come to life. Children develop writing skills from using ICT. Children in infant classes are getting used to holding a pencil the correct way and are tracing letters. Children can practice other ways of writing as they use keyboards and different ICT software. (Selwyn et al, 2010) ICT can develop childrens social skills. Children will be more enthusiastic to learn about sharing, turn taking, co-operating and collaborating when they are joining in a group activity. (Zahariev etal, 2009) French (2008) also acknowledges that ICT can help childrens social skills. French (2008) believes children can sometimes find it easier to work with a friends on a computer than work alone. ICT can develop their social skills by creating rules for co-operation, children talking about what they are doing and children helping each other Choosing appropriate ICT software can teach children about different cultures, languages and ethnic backgrounds. ICT offers children to learn outside the classroom. The teacher can use different methods of technology to teach the children about different ethnic backgrounds, diverse families, people with special needs and abilities. With access to the internet or electronic resources the teacher has access to different learning materials on any part icular topic at any time which benefits the children. (Zahariev et al, 2009) As technology is becoming the future, by the teachers informing the children about the different forms of ICT, what ICT means, ICT tools and software it is preparing them for the future. Schools and the work environment will be technology related and by the children learning about technology it is giving them the confidence and skills to use such technologies in their later life. Although there is mixed results for using ICT in schools with young children DES (2008) says one of the major benefits of ICT is it can introduce a visual and interactive aspect into learning. ICT can help promote active learning by allowing the child to find, use and receive information. Research in UK found that ICT helps teachers facilitate the types of learners in the primary school curriculum. This research shows that teachers who use ICT in the classroom have described that ICT is more suited to support collaborative learning and active learning. (NCCA, 2004) Children can use ICT at different levels depending on their age and stage of development. In infant classes children will use the software to develop and expand their language and in senior classes they can use the software to broaden their language. (Eleven et al, 2012) ICT has an important part to play in developing children’s mathematical concepts. It is extremely exciting and can help make learning fun and enjoyable ICT can support children as it provides challenges to develop concepts and skills installed in game-like situations. (NCCA, 2004) The internet can have many different resources, activities and sources for teachers to use to benefit children. If the internet is used appropriately it can support the development of children’s abilities to question, to analyse, to investigate and to think critically. (NCCA, 2004) The Limitations of Using ICT at Infant Level in the Primary School. As stated above technology has many different benefits but some people have a fear that technology is replacing real objects. From a survey done by Early Childhood Ireland in 2013 it found out most members were worried about: The amount of screen time children observed The impact ICT has on childrens reading abilities The relationship between technology and obesity The connection between technology and play ICT cannot be used if the broadband speed is not consistent and reliable. A teacher in a school in County Waterford tries to find many different ways of bringing ICT into the school curriculum but when it comes to the schools internet access she cannot apply those skills to teach her students and it regularly leads to children being disappointed. (Murray, 2014) Teachers are not able to use all the technology available for learning.

Baptism :: essays research papers

Naimoi, a good friend of mine, who lives in Bermuda did not consider baptism to be merely an option . She attended a seventh-day institution were they believe that by baptism we confess our faith in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and testify our death to sin and of our purpose to walk in the newness of life. For more than a year she had eagerly studied the Bible, and longed to become a Christian. One evening she shared with her family the new information that she had learned, and they were glad for her. The time came for Naimoi to be baptized in the gravery waters. Peace filled her heart as she was baptized. The English word baptize comes from the Greek verb bapizo, which implies immersion, since it is derived from the verb bapto, meaning "to dip in or under." Baptism is simply a symbol of Christ's death and resurrection. If this was not so, baptism would have had no significance as a symbol of Christ's passion "if the apostolic church had practiced a mode of baptism other than immersion." Therefore "the strongest argument for baptism by immersion is a theological one. Baptism is virtually linked to salvation. Christ taught that "he who believes and is baptized will be saved" (Mark 16:16). Even though baptism is linked to salvation it does not guarantee salvation. It brings about a newness of life, forgiveness of our sins, and our reception of the Holy Spirit. I can remember my baptism like it was yesterday. I was all excited, filled with joy and happiness. After coming from under the water, I felt like a new person. I didn't feel isolated anymore, because I became part of Christ's church. Even though I was baptized didn't mean that I had reached my highest peak attainable to being a Christian. As we grow spiritually, we acquire Christian graces to be used in serving others on God's plan of multiplication: "grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord" (2 Peter 1:2) We see that baptism incorporates new believers into the church with the context of "being born again." Therefore, the question is often asked if infants or children be baptized? Incorporation takes place at the "new birth," not at "infant birth." This is why believers wee baptized - "both men and woman"(Acts 8:12) "Nowhere in the New Testament," Karl Barth

Feasibility Report Essay examples -- essays research papers

Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this report is to determine whether it would be feasible for the Style Shop to add a computerized register to the store. The Merchandising Society is the largest club on F.I.T.’s campus. It provides the opportunity for its members to enhance their college experience at the Fashion Institute of Technology. Its members are dedicated to gaining exposure to the fashion industry first-hand through running a business, visiting companies worldwide, and volunteering services to the community. The club is responsible for operating a successful on-campus boutique, the Style Shop. The store offers the unique opportunity for FIT students, faculty and alumni to sell their original creations on a consignment basis. This not only allows students to earn recognition and profit, it enables Merchandising Society members to gain experience in buying, product development, marketing, finance, customer relations, management, visual merchandising, and website development. The Style Shop offers students the chance to develop a sharper awareness of group dynamics, build professional relationships, and actively participate in our college education. Currently the store uses a non-computerized register. There is no computerized inventory or bar codes used. Everything is done by hand. The addition of a computer would not only help keep track of all purchases by time, it would allow for the finance team to plan sales and monitor loss. The Style Shop uses a budget handed out by FITSA to fund purchases and stock for the store. This budget would be used to purchase a computer. It is highly feasible that the Style Shop purchases a computer and a register program. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this report is to determine the feasibility of adding a computerized register to the Style Shop team. Problem During the 2001/02 school year the Merchandising Society has over 180 active members. The store currently has no regulated computerized system. Inventory and tickets are all manually printed. By adding a computer to the store, inventory and sales could be more easily monitored. The computer would also serve as a ticket printer and finance station. Scope The addition of a computerized register would make the flow of goods in and out of the Style Shop easier. By adding a computer to the store each Merchandising Society member would h... ...h day. They will also be in charge of closing all curtains at night so that passers-by cannot see the computer in an empty store. Summer/Winter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Style Shop is not in operation the computer will be disconnected and stored in the Style Shop closet on the 7th Floor of the A-Building. This closet is only accessible to Style Shop Managers. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Style Shop is a growing student run boutique on F.I.T.’s campus. Each semester the store’s sales increase. The store needs a better way to track sales and inventory. By purchasing a computer Managers would be able to effectively track sales, inventory, and expenses. The total cost for the computer and register system is just under $2000.00. The money to purchase the computer/register would come out of the Style Shop budget given to the store by F.I.T.S.A. Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Style Shop is an expanding establishment at the Fashion Institute of Technology. The addition of a computerized register would increase productivity within the store. It is recommended that the Style Shop use their budget and purchase a computer and a point of sale

Chinese philosophy Essay

Taoism is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the â€Å"Dao† or â€Å"Tao†. Tao, the core concept of Taoism, stands for â€Å"way†, the way of everything, the way shows how our universe run, the way how individuals can improve their soles better. In Zhou dynasty, there were many different philosophers talking about Tao/Dao. Gradually, the main definition of Taoism became ambiguous. Taoism, known by a religion, is very ancient in China. Taoism is about multi-gods. Besides those gods who once appeared in the immortal stories, there are many gods who were greatest educator or philosophers as well. Such as the founder of the theory of Taoism, Lao Zi, he is the highest-level god in the religion. Moreover, great educators and historical people like Confucian and Mencius or the hero Yue Fei or Guan Gong, they are also the gods in the religion. Taoists are seeking immortality. From the foundation of Taoism in 2 AD, Taoists have been seeking the best way to longer their lives. Taoists don’t care about what will happen â€Å"after life†. During these two thousand years, besides the development of their belief, Taoists also make a great contribution to iatrology. There are two part of Taoism in China. One is called â€Å"Zheng Yi Jiao† and the other called â€Å"Quan Zhen Jiao†. â€Å"Zheng Yi Jiao† was original from â€Å"Wu Dou Mi Jiao†, founded by Zhang Daoling while â€Å"Quan Zhen Jiao† was founded by Wang Chongyang. Now, in China main land, most Taoism temples are Quan Zhen Jiao. As for Zheng Yi Jiao, most Taoists are living in Taiwan now. Taoists of Quan Zhen Jiao must be vegetarians, living in temple and wearing the Taoist clothes. On the contrary, Zheng Yi Taoist don’t need to live in the temple. They can get married and eat meat as well. In China, Taoism is important not because it is a religion but it is part of the culture. In other words, there is a strong interaction between the developments of Taoism and Chinese culture. Taoism is an ancient philosophy and also a religion. When talking about Taoism as a philosophy, it is based on the theories from Lao Zi, Kong Zi (Confucian), Zhuang Zi, Meng Zi (Mencius) etc. All of them are from Zhou to Zhanguo Dynasty but Lao Zi is the founder of the philosophy of Taoism. Lao Zi was a wise man in Zhou Dynasty that is the third dynasty of Chinese culture. The main book of Lao Zi is called . It is said that Lao Zi was sitting on a bull going out of the city. The guard recognized Lao Zi and asked him where he was going. Lao Zi did not say a thing but left to the guard. In , Lao Zi addressed the basic theories of the universe and individual behaviors. Lao Zi maintains the universe is the root of everything. We should obey the natural changes so that we can make things better. The book is the foundation of Taoism and also of other philosophers’ theories because, as what I mentioned above, the core concept is Tao/Dao (way). Zhuan Zi, which is seen as the main developer as Lao Zi’s theory. In China, people will say â€Å"Lao Zhuang Zhe Xue† which means â€Å"Lao/Zhuang Philosophy†. Zhuang Zi hold the view that Tao/Dao is before human beings and is spirit. Therefore we should follow our spirit. According to L/Z Philosophy, Tao/Dao is metaphysis, is beyond our mind, is something we can/should not to change. When it came to Confucian and Mencius, the theories become a little different from the previous ones. Confucian and Mencius focus more on humanity even they started their concept from Tao/Dao. Most western point of view describe Confucian and Mencius’ theories as Confucianism. Literately differentiated from Taoism. Personally, comparing Confucianism and Taoism, I would say Taoism is the highest form of Taoism. Confucianism is based on humanity. It is about how to behave as a nice person, to people, to society. However, Taoism is more about the universe and about â€Å"Tao/Dao† the highest level in Chinese philosophy and culture. Thus, only learnt how to become a â€Å"nice person† can individuals reach the higher level of the philosophy.

Mudule guide

By the end of this module, successful students will typically be able to; demonstrate the ability to critically analyse and evaluate the reality of complex IHRM and employment relations issues from a variety of perspectives; demonstrate the ability to relate theory to practice; demonstrate the ability to evaluate the relative strengths and weaknesses of selected national HRI employment relations systems; demonstrate the ability to undertake ystematic management research as required by module assessments and in- module participation, synthesise information and reference appropriately; communicate effectively verbally and in writing; demonstrate the ability to use initiative and independence in study and application. 3 Format of Delivery There is one lecture (1 hour) and one seminar (1 hour) per week. 4 How StudyNet will be used to support this module StudyNet will be used for providing lecture notes and other materials relating to each session. These will be accessible prior to each l ecture. StudyNet will be used for all ommunication on the module. Additional reading and links to Journal articles will be put in the ‘Additional Reading folder under ‘Teaching Resources'. You should consult this folder on a regular basis as the readin supports your module.Teaching methods used on this module The module will use a variety of teaching methods which include lectures, seminars and workshops. A feature of the module is the emphasis placed upon student presented seminars. Students are expected to participate fully in the module. Prior to each session, they are expected to familiarise themselves with the lecture topic by rawing upon the detailed guided reading and to read selectively from the seminar reading list. In addition, they are encouraged to keep abreast of current events and be prepared to discuss these and their own work experiences (where appropriate) in the seminar groups. This variety of methods will enable students to effectively achieve the modu le learning outcomes.Students are expected to attend this module regularly as an essential part of their learning lies not only in the lecture but also in the contribution that students make to the seminar programme. If students are unable to attend, they must advise the tutors. a Module schedule and lecture/seminar information In this section you will find a week by week schedule for this module. There is one lecture (1 hour) and one seminar (1 hour) per week. Please note that there are sometimes unforeseen circumstances, such as staff illness, that may necessitate communicate these changes to you in good time. The table below provides a summary of the teaching programme. You need to consult the full schedule for the directed reading.

GLO-BUS: Developing Winning Competitive Strategies

GLO-BUS Developing Winning Competitive Strategies Welcome to GLO-BUS. You and your co-managers are taking over the operation of a digital camera company that is in a neck-and-neck race for global market leadership, competing against rival digital camera companies. All digital camera makers presently have the same worldwide market share, although shares vary by company across the four market regions – Europe-Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and North America. Currently, your company is selling close to 800,000 entry level cameras and 200,000 multi-featured cameras annually.Prior year revenues were $206 million and net earnings were $20 million, equal to $2. 00 per share of common stock. The company is in sound financial condition, is performing well, and its products are well regarded by digital camera users. Your company’s board of directors has charged you and your co-managers with developing a winning competitive, marketing strategy, one that capitalizes on growin g consumer interest in digital cameras, keeps the company on the ranks of the industry leaders, and boosts the company’s earnings year after year.Some Background Information Your company began operations five years ago and maintains its headquarters in Lisle, Illinos,USA. It assembles all of its cameras at a modern facility in Ha Noi, Vietnam and ships them directly to cameras retailers (multi-store chains that sell electronics products, local camera shops, and online electronics firms) located in Europe-Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and North America.The company maintains regional sales offices in Milan, Italy; Singapore; Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Toronto, Canada to handle the company’s sales and promotion efforts in each geographic region and help support the merchandising efforts of area retailers who stock the company’s brand. Retailers endeavor to maintain ample inventories of camera models in their own stores and warehouses to satisfy shopper demand. S easonal Production and Seasonal Demand. Camera demand is seasonal with about 20 percent of consumer demand coming in each of the first three quarters of each calendar year and 40 percent coming during the fourth quarter holiday season.Retailers place orders for digital cameras roughly 90 days in advance of expected sales, so as to have ample numbers on hand to satisfy camera buyer demand in the upcoming quarter. Thus, during Quarter 1 they place orders for the cameras they expect to sell in Quarter 2; during Quarter 2 they place orders for the cameras they expect to sell in Quarter 3, during Quarter 3, they place orders for the cameras they expect to sell in the peak holiday season fourth quarter; and in Quarter 4 they order the number of cameras they expect to sell in Quarter 1 of the following year.Assembly and Shipping. The company has a staff of people engaged in new product R&D, engineering, and design; this group has the capability to develop new and improved camera models as directed by top management. Once co-managers settle on the desired specifications and performance features for the company’s line-up of camera models, the needed parts and components are obtained from suppliers having the capabilities to make deliveries to the company’s Ha Noi assembly plant on a just-in-time basis.Cameras are assembled by four-person product assembly teams at well equipped workstations. Shipping department personnel ready retailer’s orders for shipment and stack them on the loading dock for pickup by independent freight carriers. The cameras are delivered anywhere from 3 days to 3 weeks later, depending on a retailer’s location and the means of transportation. The cost of boxing the cameras, packaging them for shipment, and freight averages $3 per camera. Many countries have import duties on cameras.Import duties in each of the four geographic regions currently average $5 for entry-level cameras and $10 for multi-featured cameras. Import duties are subject to change in upcoming years. Competitive Efforts. To capitalize on advances in digital technology and keep its cameras appealing to consumers, the company from-time-to-time introduces new and improved models, adds performance features, restyles its camera bodies or housings, and upgrades the internal camera software.Aside from company efforts to make its cameras lines appealing and competitive with those of rival companies, the company’s sales volume and standing in the marketplace is affected by the prices at which it sells its cameras to retail dealers, advertising expenditures, the number of retail dealers it is able to attract to carry its brand, the number and length of quarterly promotions, the size of the price discounts offered to retailers during these promotions, the length of the warranty periods on its cameras, brand image and reputation, and the caliber of the technical support provided to its digital camera users.Stock Listings. The companyâ €™s stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ exchange in the United States and on several other stock exchanges. The closing price in Year 5 was $30 per share. The company’s financial statements are prepared in accord with generally accepted accounting principles and are reported in U. S. dollars. The company’s financial accounting is in accord with the rules and regulations of all authorities where its stock is traded.The World Market for Digital Cameras The industry your company competes in consists of 4 companies. All companies are on an equal footing from a global perspective, but there is one essential difference in the competitive positions of the rival companies – the percentage of cameras being sold in the four geographic regions (Europe-Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and North America) are not identical from company-to-company as follows:Percentages of Company Sales Volume in (unit sales) North America Europe-Africa Asia-Pacific Latin America Yo ur Company 40% 30% 20% 10% Competitor A 10% 40% 30% 20% Competitor B 20% 10% 40% 30% Competitor C 30% 20% 10% 40%In effect, each company presently has a strong market position in one region, intermediate market positions in two regions, and a weak market position in one region. So there are market share differences among the companies in the industry within each geographic region of the world camera market. In upcoming years, company managers can undertake actions to alter their sales and market shares in all regions, opting to increase sales and share in some and to decrease sales and share in others. Market Growth.The global market for digital cameras is projected to grow 8-10% annually for the next five years (Years 6-10) and then to grow at a slower 4-6% annual rate during the following five years (Years 11-15). These projected growth rates apply to all four geographic regions and to both entry-level and multi-featured cameras. However, in any one year, the growth rate in each r egion can deviate from the 9% average for Years 6-10 and the 5% average for Years 11-15 by as much as 1% in either direction, with different size deviations for each region. The same goes for the projected growth rates for entry-level and multi-featured digital cameras.Hence, there is an element of uncertainty surrounding just where within the 8-10% range and the 4-6% range the growth rate for a particular year will actually fall, for either a given geographic region or a particular type of camera. Ratings of Digital Camera Performance and Quality. The World Digital Camera Federation, a well respected affiliation of camera industry trade groups and camera experts, tests the performance and quality of the camera models of all competitors and assigns a performance-quality or P/Q rating of 1 to 5 stars to each company’s entry-level camera line and multi-featured camera line.Currently, both the entry-level and multi-featured camera lines of all competitors have a 3 star P/Q ratin g. Spirited competition among rivals is, however, likely to result in different P/Q ratings in the forthcoming years. Digital Camera Retailers. Worldwide, there are some 50,000 retailers of digital cameras scattered across the world; each of the four major geographic regions of the world market has 12,500 retailers, some of which are multi-store retail chains (100 per region), online electronic retailers (400 per region), and local camera shops (12,000 per region).Retailers with store locations that also sell cameras on their websites are not included in the online category. Multi-store chains account for the biggest percentage of entry-level camera sales, with online retailers second; local camera shops account for the biggest share of multi-featured digital camera sales, with online retailers second. Retail markups over the wholesale prices of digital camera makers run 50% to 100%; thus an entry-level digital camera wholesaling for $160 could retail for $300 or more and a multi-fe atured camera wholesaling for $360 might carry a retail list price of $700.Such markups give retailers the latitude to put digital cameras on sale from time-to-time at 10% to 20% off regular price and still make a decent profit margin. Retailers typically carry anywhere from 2-4 brands of digital cameras and stock only certain models of the brands they do carry, but in all four geographic markets there are around 20 ‘full-line’ camera retailers that stock most all brands and models. Chain store retailers are drawn to carry the best selling brands and mainly stock entry-level cameras.The makers of weak selling camera brands have difficulty convincing major retail chains to devote display space to their models. Local camera shops and online retailers are, however, more amenable to stocking and promoting low-volume brands, especially those with above average P/Q ratings and respected brand images. Local camera shops and online electronics retailers devote much of their mer chandising effort to multi-featured digital cameras because of their bigger profit margins.In the multi-featured camera segment, local camera shops enjoy an advantage over online retailers because many multi-featured camera shoppers prefer to â€Å"touch and try out† the functioning of the multi-featured cameras they are considering and seek out the opinions of camera savvy personnel in local camera shops before finalizing their purchase. In choosing which brands of multi-featured cameras to carry and feature in their local ads, local camera shop owners put a fairly heavy weight on P/Q ratings, warranties, brand image, and the number, length, and price discounts of manufactures’ promotional discounts.Online retailers use essentially the same criteria in deciding which multi-featured camera brands to give top-billing and search priority on their websites. Digital Camera Buyers. Digital camera shoppers are generally quite knowledgeable; many do extensive Internet researc h to educate themselves about the features, performance, and prices of competing digital camera brands and models. The World Digital Camera Federation’s much publicized P/Q atings are trusted by camera shoppers; its frequently visited website has detailed information concerning the results of its performance tests and the basis for its P/Q ratings of each camera brand. Both camera makers and online electronics retailers have extensive information on their websites about currently available models. Numerous websites and publications review new and improved camera models as they are introduced by manufactures.The buyers of entry-level digital cameras are considerably more price sensitive than multi-featured camera buyers and many do comparison shopping on price in selecting which brand to purchase. The purchasers of multi-featured cameras are much more particular about camera performance and picture quality. Many price sensitive consumers shopping for their first digital camera are inclined to wait to make a purchase until electronic retailers have special sales promotions and offer entry-level camera models at sizable discounts off the regular retail price.It is common for camera retailers to also have special sales promotions for overstocked multi-featured models. The Competitive Factors That Drive Market Share Competition among rival camera makers centers around 11 sales determining factors: – How each company’s wholesale selling price (for both entry-level and multi-featured cameras) compares against the corresponding industry-wide average price in each geographic region. – P/Q ratings. – The number of special promotions each quarter. – The length of the special quarterly promotions (in weeks). The size of the discounts off the regular wholesale price during these promotions. – Advertising expenditures. – Product selection, as measured by the number of models in each line of cameras (entry-level and mul ti-featured). – The number of retailers carrying the company’s brand. – The length of the manufacturer’s warranty period. – The ease with which users of a company’s digital cameras can obtain responsive technical support when they encounter difficulties. – Brand reputation among buyers and retailers.With these 11 competitive determinants of sales and market share in play in each camera segment in each geographic region, you and your co-managers have many options for crafting a strategy capable of producing good profits and return on investment and keeping your company in contention for global market leadership. For example, you can – Employ a low-cost leadership strategy and pursue a competitive advantage keyed to having lower costs and selling your digital cameras at lower prices than rivals. Employ a differentiation strategy that sets your company’s digital cameras apart from rival brands based on such attributes as a higher P/Q rating, more models/styles to select from, and such marketing attributes as more advertising, longer warranties, more promotions, better technical support for owners of your digital cameras, or a bigger network of retail outlets carrying the company’s brand. – Employ a more value for the money strategy (providing 4-star digital cameras at lower prices than other 4-star brands) where your competitive advantage is an ability to incorporate appealing attributes at a lower cost than rivals. Focus your strategic efforts on being the clear market leader in either entry-level or multi-featured cameras. – Focus your company’s competitive efforts on gaining sales and market share in those geographic markets where your company already has high sales and deemphasize sales in those areas where your company has a comparably low market share or where profit margins are relatively low. – Pursue essentially the same strategy worldwide or else have regio nal strategies tailored to match the differing competitive conditions and actions in North America, Europe-Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. Focus your company’s competitive efforts on those regional markets where sales are highest or most profitable and either deemphasize or withdraw from one or more geographic areas where market share is low and/or profit margins are small. Thinking Strategically: The Importance of Trying to Out-Maneuver Rivals Making Decisions. The following areas should be the basis of your decision making process. They are as follows: Product Design Marketing Assembly Compensation, Training, and Labor Force Special Order Bids Social Responsibility and CitizenshipFinance What Your Board of Directors Expects. The Board of Directors has given you and your co-managers broad strategy-making and operating authority to pursue the achievement of performance objectives, subject to two primary constraints: (1) Your company may not merge with another company ; the Board wishes the company to remain independent. And (2), company co-managers are expected to comply fully with all legal and regulatory requirements and to conduct the company’s business in an ethical manner. Good Luck. R. G. Revers PhD