Social Security for Unorganised Sector Workers free essay sample

The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector was set up by the UPA Government under the Chairmanship of Arjun Sengupta in September 2004. The Commission prepared two draft bills: (1) Unorganised Sector Workers Social Security Bill, 2005, and (2) Unorganised Sector Workers (conditions of work and livelihood promotion) Bill, 2005. According to the draft bill, it will cover all workers in the unorganised sector with a monthly income of Rs. 5,000 and below. This category includes self-employed workers (including marginal and small farmers), wage workers including agricultural labourers, and home-based workers. It also includes informal workers under the organised sector. It is estimated that around 30 crore workers are eligible under this scheme. The Bill indicates that there will be a national minimum social security for all eligible workers covering four things: (a) health insurance; (b) maternity benefits; (c) life insurance; and (d) old age pension. Every unorganised sector worker is eligible for registration. The registered worker will get a unique social security card. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Security for Unorganised Sector Workers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The existing welfare programmes will continue as before. A National Social Security Fund will be created. The scheme will be financed from the contributions at Re. 1 a day by workers, employers (wherever identified), and the Government (that is, Rs. 3 per worker a day or Rs. 1,095 a year). The Government contribution will be divided between Central Government and State Government in the ratio of 3:1 respectively (75 paise per worker by the Centre and 25 paise per worker by the State Governments). Similar to the Employment Guarantee Scheme, the National Commission estimated the costs of the minimum social security scheme. If all the 30 crore workers are covered, the contributions would work out to Rs. 32,850 crore. The share of the Central Government will be Rs. 17,548 crore and that of the State Governments Rs. 5,010 crore. This adds up to a total of Rs. 22,558 crore to be spent by Central and State Governments, equal to 0. 8 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product in 2004-05. If we include administrative and other expenses, the government contribution may not exceed one per cent of GDP. Similar to the national EGS, full coverage is expected to be reached in five years. If six crore workers are covered in the first year the cost will be Rs. 4,512 crore and Rs. 22,558 crore from the fifth year. The Government can contribute to the fund in the form of grants or through tax or cess. The second Bill, which deals with conditions of work and livelihood promotion, addresses the issues relating to providing a basic minimum standard on hours of work, payment of minimum wages, bonded labour, and child labour. The Bill also recognises some minimum entitlements of the workers such as the right to organise, non-discrimination in the payment of wages and conditions of work, safety at workplace, and absence of sexual harassment. The costs of providing health insurance, maternity benefits, life insurance, and old age pension for the 30 crore workers are not clear from the Bill. The Government contribution in the first year (Rs. 4,512 crore) is not large but in the fifth year it is closer to one per cent of GDP. As the draft says, tax or cess is one option for raising resources for the Government. The insistence on State Governments contributions may create problems for the scheme as their finances are in bad shape. the Bill seems to be following the targeting approach for identifying beneficiaries. For example, the Bill says that it would cover all workers in the unorganised sector with a monthly income of Rs. 5,000 and below. This may again lead to targeting errors and corruption. the implementation machinery still looks bureaucratic although decentralisation is mentioned. It is better to involve panchayati raj institutions more. Fourthly, legislation alone is not enough. For example, health insurance for all the workers will not help if there are no doctors and health infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. Hence, spending has to increase at the grassroots level for better delivery systems. Fifthly, the working of the present welfare boards for workers must be examined. Keralas experience shows that there are problems of sustainability, high costs, meagre benefits, etc. Lessons should be learnt from these experiences. Sixthly, the second Bill on conditions of workers is equally important. Some regulatory institutions are needed without ending up with inspector raj. Minimum wages have to be fixed keeping in view the increasing needs of the poor. The laws should be effectively implemented. Some estimates show that even if the number of days of employment are increased, the existing wages may not bring many workers above the poverty line. This is the main reason why we have so many working poor in the country. The poor are working but at low wages. The main issue is how to improve the wage rates for the unorganised workers. DOMESTIC WORKERS Live-in workers are often treated as 24-hour slaves. Many employers do not let them even step out of the house. Part-time domestic workers are in a slightly better position. They are not on duty 24 hours a day, have access to their own families and friends, and can quit work when employers become abusive. However, there is a growing demand for live-in workers who can double up as `ayahs or nurse-cum-companions for the elderly. To meet this demand, young girls and boys are often trafficked from the poorer districts of many States. From Bokaro district (Jharkhand) alone, three lakh girls have migrated or were trafficked, 40 per cent of whom were below 14. Their average annual earnings would be Rs. 200 crores, of which they take home only half; the other half goes to the agencies. A separate law is needed to control trafficking, besides regulating working conditions. Domestic workers are especially disadvantaged since they are not covered by laws such as the Industrial Disputes Act, the Equal Remuneration Act, or even the Minimum Wages Act. The Central government has been shying away from enacting any specific legislation for this group. A Domestic Workers (conditions of service) Bill was drafted as early as 1959 but was never enacted. The House Workers (conditions of service) Bill, 1989, was not enacted either. In 2003, the Human Rights Law Network filed a petition in the Supreme Court on behalf of the NDWM, pointing out that legislation to protect domestic workers had been stalled time and again. According to lawyer Vipin Mathew Benjamin, the government had told the court that domestic workers would be covered by the forthcoming Unorganised Sector Workers Bill, 2004. The Supreme Court passed an order saying that all suggestions and demands could be put before a tripartite committee to deliberate on the draft of the Bill. Consultations with all stakeholders were to be held at the Central and State levels. We dont have a problem if this bill is comprehensive, he said. According to Bhatnagar, who is also coordinating the National Campaign Committee for Unorganised Sector Workers, there are no fewer than five versions of the draft Bill. The one put up by the Union Labour Ministry has come in for heavy criticism. In a letter to the Prime Minister, Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, former Judge of the Supreme Court, called it a `a half-baked law and said that rushing it through Parliament would be `a gross betrayal. Meanwhile, domestic workers are organising themselves. As a result, the Domestic Workers (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2003, has been tabled in the Maharashtra Assembly, while Karnataka has been persuaded to extend the Minimum Wages Act to domestic work. It is high time the government amended the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, which is applicable only to 64 professions (13 occupations and 51 processes) that are deemed hazardous.

The Pitfall of Gre Essay Samples Ets

The Pitfall of Gre Essay Samples Ets So long as you use sensible reasoning, appropriate grammar and so long as it is possible to defend your point intelligently and utilize precise vocabulary to convey meaning effectively, you ought to be alright. Or, to truly get a feeling of the way the scores work, have a peek at a couple of sample essays. At that time, you can begin writing full length practice essays. The duration of passages might vary. ETS has not spoken out about the perfect length of an essay, and there isn't any word on the term limit as such. The very first facet of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the pieces of the argument that relate to the undertaking. There's no present proof that advancing technology will deteriorate the capacity of humans to think. The upcoming ability of growing new brain cells and the option to reverse the beginning of alzheimer's is now turning into a reality. Critical judgment of work in any certain field has little value unless it comes from somebody who is a specialist in that area. As it's Adaptive your questions are likely to secure increasingly more tough. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would want to get answered to be able to determine whether the recommendation will probably have the predicted outco me. The topics would be associated with the normal difficulties. There are likely to be topics you might not be comfortable with. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Gre Essay Samples Ets Is Wrong Be sure to spell out in what way the answers to these questions would help to value the recommendation. You can discover the list in their site and brainstorm at least 10 out of them before you opt for the exam. Also a reminder you may work with me if you're searching for issue essay feedback. Potential essay topics which you could have on the day of your GRE are on the ETS site, so technically there aren't any surprises if you do your homework! ETS has supplied an argument which is full of unstated assumptions. AWA only tests how logically it's possible to deduce information and compose a fair critique about a problem or an argument made by somebody else. There are a couple other critical explanations for why you shouldn't skip off AWA during practice, and we've discussed them separately. Gre Essay Samples Ets - Is it a Scam? You will need to read several GRE sample essays dependent on the Issue task before you find it possible to grasp the way by which your response needs to be framed in order to accomplish a fantastic score in this test section. The perfect way to find out how to find a high Analytical Writing score is to have a look at a GRE essay sample, but doing so with no guidance can be overwhelming. After all, the GRE Issue isn't a test of knowledge as much since it is a test of how it is possible to use knowledge however confined to back your position. Test takers around the world believe they can easily master AWA in a day or two. No very good writer under sunlight writes two exactly same sentences in one essay or article. Essentially, issue essay is all about the way that you perceive the given topic. There's a lot that may be judged from the written essay. The 2nd essay would be regarding the argument analysis. The essay graders understand that you simply get 30 minutes to compose each AWA essay and in addition, they know that you won't have the ability to cover every potential argument, reason and rebuttal. More creative suggestions on how to receive your essay graded here. Although this essay is apparently carefully organized, it doesn't stick to the directions for the assigned task. Since you may see, the longer the essay, the greater the grades. The Tried and True Method for Gre Essay Samples Ets in Step by Step Detail Most students believe essay length the only important component in regards to AWA scoring. So, it's rather safe to say that the AWA score is a significant enough component in regards to admissions. You will get your essay scores approximately 10-15 days following your test date. Nowadays you know what it can take to receive an ideal essay score. The caliber of the essay will be wholly judged by your capacity to choose one particular side of the coin, and how well you're able to develop and support that decision. Both test your capacity to compose a cogent thesis statement you have to defend over the class of many paragraphs. Practice brainstorming plenty of different essay prompts from the ETS website to get accustomed to coming up with examples that you may use to support your viewpoint. An individual may order customized essays and papers with filling in the essential form on its website.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay on a Topic That Is Not Debatable

How to Write an Argumentative Essay on a Topic That Is Not DebatableYou've probably heard your teachers telling you that you need to know how to write an argumentative essay and be able to engage in debate. If you're not quite sure what that means, then you may be asking yourself 'what is the debate?' Can you really engage in debate? What do you have to say to convince someone to agree with you?Debate is a tactic used by a person to get his/her point across or to persuade the other person to agree with him/her. This tactic is often used in different forms, for example in a public forum, in a church or mosque. This debate can be of many types, some are civil, others may be religious. However, all debates have the same goal. That goal is to convince the other person to agree with you.In a civil debate, the two people discuss and compare their viewpoints. They share their views and try to convince the other person of the validity of their point of view. Sometimes the opposite view may b e provided by the moderator to make it more interesting. This way a well-rounded discussion may take place between two people that have differing points of view.On the other hand, in a religious debate, the two people may argue against each other's point of view. Although not necessarily civil, the debate can be one of persuasion is very important. Usually the moderator will keep a check on things and the moderator will even seek a consensus between the two people in order to encourage and help the other person to reach his/her point of view.In a debate, the stakes are high. You may lose your job, get bad grades, lose friends, and have your reputation tarnished. It's important that you follow what your teacher has taught you when writing an argumentative essay.The goal of this essay is to convince the reader that you are right and the other person is wrong. You may also argue that your point of view is the only right one, but I doubt you'll get far. So what is the debate all about? Your goal is to convince the reader that the opposite point of view is wrong and why.To write a persuasive essay that persuades your readers to agree with you, you must develop a good argument. You may start your argument with a reason and cite evidence. However, at times you may also need to convince your readers by using examples. But remember: be factual, avoid being intellectual and don't forget to add your opinion to your arguments.These are just some of the elements that must be included in your student's essay. If you want to know how to write an argumentative essay on a topic that is not debatable, then you need to find the correct resource to help you write your essay.

The Unexplained Mystery Into I Need a Website for Free Writing an Essay

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How to Write an Investigative Essay for College

How to Write an Investigative Essay for CollegeIs your writing performance so poor that you're wondering how to write an investigative essay for college? With help from the following tips, you should be able to get your research paper completed and ready for submission.Knowing what to write about and how to do it is very important in your first year of college. Since you won't be taking classes in history or other specific subjects, it's wise to look for college samples with some historical information in them. You should find a sample essay on a topic that has not been covered before. This will give you something to start from.The college sample contains facts about a specific event. To write an investigative essay, you must understand the facts you're learning. You must be able to synthesize all of the information and present it to the reader in a logical and organized way. Make sure you stick to your thesis statement as you learn the facts about the particular incident.A knowledge able writer is one who is both an expert on their subject and an independent researcher. You should also be able to present a strong argument based on your research findings. If you can't present a cogent argument for the reasons why the person who did the event was guilty, then you'll most likely fail your essay.Make sure you're writing from a position of power. You must have more knowledge about the incident you're covering. Talk about the decisions and actions that could be taken by the person who is accused of doing the deed. The decision to prosecute the person or not could have major implications on the case. Your reporting should be impartial enough to at least put the suspected offender on notice of what might happen if they were to be found guilty.When you're not clear about the facts in the essay, you should read the entire sample to see if you're getting the point across. You may need to do this again to be sure you've understood all of the facts in the essay. Also, to av oid feeling overwhelmed, you may want to take several short breaks during the composition of the essay.You can't copy the exact format of the essay that's contained in the college sample. The most accurate way to prepare for an essay is to use a system of templates and content. To make it easier to get started, you should select two or three different essays and take them apart and analyze the ideas and findings within each of them.Writing a good college essay doesn't have to be difficult. With just a little research and some practice, you should have no trouble completing your investigation essay and winning your grade.

Ball State Universitys Online MBA Degree Essays

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Whats a Bad ACT Score

What's a Bad ACT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When it comes to your college applications, you probably aren’t too worried about your ACT scores- unless, that is, you think your scores will be too low. Don’t panic just yet! Like most things in life, ACT scores are all relative- there’s no such thing as a bad ACT score in a vacuum. In this post, I’ll talk about what it means to have a â€Å"bad† score in relation to the entire US, your general peer group, your prospective colleges, and (maybe most importantly) yourself. Before We Start, a Note on Percentiles Understanding percentile scores is an important part of understanding ACT scores. Before Italk about different types of bad scores, I'll briefly explain what percentile scores are and why you should care about them. A percentile score is different from a percent score, even though the two mathematical concepts are related. Essentially, a percent score would tell you what portion of the ACT exam you got correct; a percentile score, on the other hand, tells you how you did on the exam compared to everyone else who took it.For example,a percent score of 90% would mean you got 90% of the questions right, whereas a percentile score of 90 would mean you scored better than 90% of the students who took the exam. Percentiles are more meaningful than percents when we talk about ACT scores because what’s important is how you score when compared to other students. A percentage score in isolation doesn't tell you how well you performed on a test or how difficult it was. You can get a low percentage score on a test and still do very well in comparison to other students, earning a high percentile score- this is an example of the difference between percentages and percentiles. Low ACT Scores for the General US Population Let's just say we're starting big. We're starting with the biggest possible comparison group - understanding how you do in relation to all other people who take the ACT is the first step in understanding these unique exam scores. First, the basics: the ACT is scored out of a possible 36 points.A score of 36 is rare enough that when it happens, local newspapers sometimes write about it - just google the name of your town and "perfect ACT score." The national average composite score is 21 out of 36 points. The top 25% of scorers, or those who are at or above the 75th percentile, receive scores of 24 and up. The 75th percentile is a reasonable cutoff for what could be considered "excellent" scores. The bottom 25% of scorers, or those who are at or below the 25th percentile, receive scores of 16 and below.You may very well have your own ideas about what a reasonable â€Å"bad ACT† score cutoff should be. For the general population, scores of 16 and below (so, scores that are lower than those of 75% of the population) could reasonably be considered low. Here are some important percentile cutoffs and corresponding scores for quick reference: 10th percentile composite score →13-14 25th percentile composite score→16-17 50th percentile composite score→21 75th percentile composite score→24 90th percentile composite score→28 Low ACT Scores forYour Peer Group We're starting to get a bit more personal. Knowing what your peers and classmates tend to score on the ACT will give you a more sophisticated understanding of where, exactly, you stand. Comparing yourself to the rest of the country (with a wide range of backgrounds, educations, resources, opportunities, target schools, etc.) is less helpful than comparing yourself to people who are similar to you in important ways, like geography or education. Here's how to get information on what your peers score: Get your hands on your school report. This report will give you aggregated information on the score distribution for your particular high school. You may already know how to gain access to this. If you don't, try googling "[Your High School Name] ACT score report." This information will be particularly easy to find in states with mandatory testing. Check in with your guidance counselor. If you don't have access to a school report, your high school guidance counselor should have an idea of what low ACT scores will look like at your school. Ask your peers or classmates. As a last resort, you could ask around to see what other students are scoring. Just make sure to be respectful if your classmates don't want to discuss their scores. If you want to get an idea of a more competitive score range, check in with honors students at your school. Once you have this information, here's how to use it effectively: Consider how your peers' score distribution compares to national scores? Do students at your school tend to score higher or lower than you’d expect based on the national average? If your peers have scores that are higher/lower than the national average, you could adjust your idea of what a bad ACT score is accordingly. For example, if your school's average ACT scores are lower than those of the national average (21),a â€Å"bad† ACT score cutoff at 25th percentile might be unreasonably high. Conversely, if your school has very high ACT scores, your understanding of a bad ACT score should be higher than the national 25th percentile score (16). Low ACT Scores forYourTarget Colleges Ultimately, a low ACT score for a particular college is a score that won’t get you in. Schools don't tend to publish hard ACT score minimums, but they do offer information about the ACT scores of their students. We can use current students' scores to infer what scores colleges expect from applicants. If you know the 25th and 75th percentile scores for a particular school, you know what that school considers to be â€Å"low† and â€Å"excellent† ACT scores. If your scores (current or future) fall within that range, it’s likely a good target school for you. But what if you're at the edges of, our even outside of, that 25th-75th percentile range? If you're close to the bottom end of the range, it doesn't mean it's impossible for you to get into that school. Colleges may accept students with lower ACT scores for any number of reasons- they might consider students strong applicants if they have a high GPA or impressive community service experience. Colleges may also take into consideration if students' high schools underperform on standardized tests or if they're athletes or legacies. Regardless of the strength of the rest of your application, you could apply to a college with higher ACT scores as a reach school. In fact, most students who apply to colleges with extremely competitive ACT requirements consider them reach schools. If you're scoring close to or above the 75th percentile score for a particular school, chances are you'll have a strong application. If this is the case, you may consider this one of your safety schools. Make sure you're applying to schools with more competitive ACT scores as well- you don't want to miss out on a high-ranking school! Here's how you get information on what schools consider bad ACT scores (it's pretty easy!): Google â€Å"[school name] PrepScholar admissions requirements." Look on the page for the 25th and 75th percentile scores That’s it! You can even use the page’s built-in tool to estimate your chances of getting into that school Low ACT Scores for Yourself It's time for some good, old-fashioned self-reflection (although I don't think Barack is thinking about his ACT scores). All these other comparisons won’t do you much good if you don’t take unique personal factors into account when figuring out what counts as a bad ACT score.Achieving goal scores may come easier for some students than others.For someone who struggles with key concepts or with test-taking anxiety, going from the 40thto the60th percentile is no less an achievement than going from the 70thto the90th for someone who doesn’t struggle with these issues. Conversely, even a student with relatively high baseline scores has room for improvement and can bring her scores up even higher with adequate preparation. Pushing yourself on the ACT, even if your scores are already objectively good, can open up some amazing opportunities. So how do you figure out what a bad ACT score is for you personally? Get a baseline score. Study for about 10 hours for test familiarity and quick content gains, then take a full practice test. There will definitely be room for improvement after you take this baseline - consider this first real practice test a soft â€Å"bad ACT score† cutoff. Work to improve. Students usually reach a personal maximum score after 40-80 hours of studying. You can expect to improve 3-4 points from baseline, but it's definitely possible to improve your scores by a wider margin. Getting that much prep in will mean you are dedicating yourself to excellence by your own standards. How Do You Improve Low ACT Scores? Worried that you have low ACT scores when compared to your peers, your target schools, or your own score potential? Your plan of attack will depend on how much time you have to study. Get started by reading our guide onhow long you should study for the ACT.Don't have a lot of time? Read our last-minutetipsandstrategiesor our10-day study plan. Are you in it for the long haul?Read ourstudy schedulefor students who have one year or more to prepare. Next, work towards a concrete goal after making a list of target,reach, andsafetyschools. Get instructions on how to set a goal score in ourACT score guide. Are you dissatisfied with anything but perfection? Read our famous guide to getting a perfect ACT score. What's Next? At this point, you may be getting sick of reading about the ACTs. Maybe the SATs are more your style. If you're still deciding between the two tests, find out which one may be the better fit for you. You can also learn more about what counts as an "excellent" or "bad" SAT score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: